Abstract (eng)
IMAGES: see PRINTED EDITION! --
Hans Maler is documented in the years around 1520 in Schwaz in Tyrol, particularly as a portrait painter. He worked predominantly for the Habsburg court in nearby Innsbruck. In the same way, the merchants and craftsmen active in the mining business in Schwaz, above all the Fuggers, made use of Hans Maler’s talents. Slightly more than forty likenesses from Maler’s hand are preserved today. They are found in large and small galleries in Europe and the USA (Vienna, Paris, Dresden, New York etc.), whilst some pictures are in private collections. Maler’s portraits form the basis for the present investigation, which can be seen as the first monographic work on the artist since the 1960s.
At the end of the 20th century, portrait research was subject to decisive new impulses, which have led to a reassessment of the genre. Alongside the concept of the individual and the portrait as reproduction of a particular person’s external appearance, recent research has seen a broadening of scholarly parameters. Increasingly the focus of interest is on questions of a picture’s use, of its effect on its audience, of intention and reception. The portrait is assessed as part of contemporary strategies of self-representation, where social norms and expectations were also determining factors.
Alongside the work of the ‘Angremeister’/Max Reichlich in Brixen, Hans Maler’s oeuvre is a large, artistically coherent body of early portrait painting in Tyrol. It is on the basis of this material that the issues surrounding portraiture research will be investigated here. In this context, a number of circumstances are of fundamental importance. Archduchess Maria (the granddaughter of Emperor Maximilian I) and Anna of Hungary (the daughter of King Wladislas II of Bohemia and Hungary) were in residence in Innsbruck from 1517-21. Hans Maler’s portraits of these princesses and of Archduke Ferdinand I document the beginning of the momentous dynastic connection of the Habsburgs with the Bohemian-Hungarian Jagiellons. The impact of Maler’s work within the context of art-propagandist projects of Emperor Maximilian and his successor in Austria, Archduke Ferdinand I, represents a central question for the thesis.
Of equally great significance for Hans Maler’s work is the fact that Schwaz, in the early 16th century, was home to the richest silver mines in Europe. Numerous mining operators became rich through Schwaz’s silver and sought to represent themselves accordingly. It might have been the prospect of ample patronage that induced Maler, who was from Ulm, to settle in Tyrol. In the decades around 1500, Schwaz’s mining riches attracted major south German entrepreneurs to the area. Through their loans to the emperor, they brought production in Schwaz under their control and ensured the toughest competition among the mining operators in Schwaz. The consequences can be seen in the portraits of Hans Maler – including those of individual craftsmen and miners settled there (the Tänzl family, Sebastian Andorfer), although it was above all the Fuggers and the employees of their Augsburg trading house who numbered among Hans Maler’s patrons.
The focus of the present dissertation is the biographical, political and economic assessment of Hans Maler’s portrait commissions. The precise examination of the portraits’ detailing (clothing, accessories), as well as consideration of their original function, should contribute still further to an understanding of the works.