Abstract (eng)
Question: The Burgenland-Roma was the last ethnic minority in Austria to be recognized as a national ethnic group. At the moment of its recognition in 1993 the Burgenland-Roma were one of Austria’s most discriminated minorities. Its social marginalization arose in the daily discrimination Roma people faced and also in their bad living conditions: Adults had to face unemployment, children and young people didn’t have proper access to institutions of education - they had to attend so-called “special schools” which are usually attended by mentally/ physically handicapped or retarded children. At the same time, their housing conditions were under the average Austrian level.
This thesis deals with two major aspects regarding this minority: First of all it describes the change of the living conditions of the Burgenland-Roma – taking into consideration housing conditions, employment and education, and secondly, it analyses the impact of its recognition as an ethnic group, especially regarding the change of their self-perception as ethnic minority group and their ethnic self-confidence. Within this context, the function of the Roma-organisations will also be discussed.
Method: The situation of the Burgenland-Roma will be analysed both from an “instiutional-objective” perspective as from a subjective point of view of the Roma people themselves. The survey contains 24 (guideline) interviews, including expert interviews with persons working in Roma-organisations, schools, political institutions and a social worker, and interviews with minority members. Within the second group interviews with people of different age brackets were carried out (18 to 25- year-olds and people starting at the age of 50).
Results: Regarding the living conditions of the Burgenland-Roma, considerable improvements can be observed, both in the educational sector (today Roma children attend the same schools as children of the majority of the population), as in the housing sector (the changes in the housing sector are most due to the access Roma people have now to community housing). Concerning the labour market the situation of the Roma people improved less, which can be partially explained by the commonly difficult economic situation in this region (the Southern Burgenland is historically a economic weak region) and by the low educational background of Roma from older age groups. The improvements mentioned can mainly be explained by its recognition as an ethnic group, which reinforced the pressure on political institutions, and by the activities of the Roma-organisations supporting their cause. (The case of Franz Fuchs’ assassination of four Roma in 1995 increased political pressure too). The discrimination of Roma has declined considerably since the 1990s when even the National Employment Center discriminated against this minority. Today, this type of institutionalised discrimination is being sanctioned - discrimination involves sanctions against the discriminators. The decline of stereotypes about Roma and the improvement of their social status become manifest in the circles of friends of young Roma people today, where Roma and Non-Roma are mixed. Also a improvement of the self-image and of the ethnic self-esteem of the Roma people can be observed: In contrast to older generations of Roma, the young Roma stick to their identiy and want to pass their culture and language to the next generation. Overall, it can be stated that a major change of individual and collective consiousness has taken place.