Abstract (eng)
A longitudinal section study encompassing 139 children from 20 elementary schools (random sample) was conducted to determine the strategies underlying children's attempts at solving addition and subtraction through 10 at school entry, and to examine in which ways children develop these strategies (then involving numbers up to 20) until the middle and, finally, the end of the first school-year. The strategies, which were ascertained through qualitative interviews, were related to the didactics and methodology of primary arithmetic education provided to these children during the school-year, on the one hand, and their numerical knowledge at school entry, their gender and their parents’ educational attainment, on the other.
A qualitative content analysis of both mathematics textbooks in use and the didactic-methodical conception of mathematics classes as described by those children’s teachers strongly suggested that the way mathematics is being taught in all classes covered indeed contravenes central recommendations of modern didactics regarding primary arithmetic education. As a result, by the end of the first school year about 27 per cent of children were still mainly resorting to calculation by counting even within the number range up to 10, and the percentage of children who solved more than two thirds of tasks by way of fact utilisation (recall of facts or derivation) was only about 35 per cent.
A detailed analysis of children’s strategy developments yielded an empirically-based typology of six types of strategy preferences employed by children at the end of the first school-year. The quantitative part of the study provides for a statistical backup as to significant effects of children’s numerical knowledge at school entry and their gender on the share of fact-utilising strategies (advantage of children with a better numerical knowledge, as well as of boys over girls). Moreover, it could be shown that children who, by the middle of the first school year, have solved a particular task through a derivation strategy, solve the same task significantly more frequently through fact retrieval at year-end than do children who, by the middle of the first school year, have solved this exercise through counting on, or by finger counting or counting everything, respectively.
Finally, both the qualitative and quantitative findings are drawn upon to formulate recommendations regarding the initial and continuing training of teachers, the early recognition of “mathematical disabilities” as well as the teaching of primary arithmetic.