Abstract (eng)
In 1935, the communist party of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Stalin starts with the public exhibition of power rituals. The party route had veered away from the ideas of the October Revolution for some time already, and in that year, first show trials were being staged. Alleged critics of the system were sentenced to death and executed. Only ten years earlier, in consequence of the October revolution of 1917, the spirit of change had had a considerable impact on the arts. The renunciation of the old and the embrace of the new in Russia found its expression in the avant-garde movement of the 1920s. Vanguard experiments had been developed analogous to the technical and medial progress that resulted in new apperceptions of time and space, as well as the evolution of new body concepts as response to new industrial techniques. As Avant-garde theatre artists left the terrain of naturalism, dramatic text and spoken word lost importance and the actor's corporeal expression on stage became their focus. During this process, various media and art forms started overlapping: intermediality advanced as dominant artistic praxis.
In the years prior to 1935, the situation changed completely. At the beginning of the first five-year-plan in 1928, a political shift had been already apparent. The process of putting the heydays of Russian avant-garde art to an end was finally and formally concluded by Andrej Zdanov in summer 1934. He declared Socialist Realism as the henceforth sole art form permitted in the Soviet Union. All radical social changes clearly manifested themselves in one unique way, namely the official image of the human body. Taut ‚sports-bodies‘ of excellent shape publicly exhibited in parades and on huge posters replaced the liberated body of the avant-garde.
Amidst this time, in spring 1935, Mei Lanfang, impersonator of female roles in Peking Opera, appeared on stages in Moscow and Leningrad. Considering the then political and cultural circumstances, the guest performances of Mei Lanfang are only a very brief intersection of theatre history seen from today's perspective. Under the impression of the ‚other‘ form of theatre, some of the most well-known theatre pleople of the time – amongst them Bertolt Brecht, Sergej Eisenstein, Edward Gordon Craig, Alexander Tairow, Wsewolod Meyerhold and Sergej Tretjakow – discussed and re-thought one more time maybe for the last time their aims and ideas. Within Peking Opera – a traditional Chinese art form, composed of several elements including dance, mimic, gesture, acrobatics, song and declamation – corporeal expression is a central aspect. The body images of ancient Chinese theatre, however, seem to be diametrically opposed to those of the Stalinist system. Interestingly, the actor's corporeal expression and movement built the focus of the discussions subsequent to the Peking Opera performances in Russia. Mei Lanfang’s acting techniques as well as the body concepts of Peking Opera were unknown and unfamiliar to the audience. Nevertheless, Tretjakow, Brecht, Tairow, Meyerhold and Eisenstein searched for over-lapses between own and foreign theatrical techniques.
The events of 1935 form a point of crystallization, at which different times, spaces and cultures collided and thereby instigated and fostered discussions: the encounter of aesthetic methods that originate in the ancient theatre traditions of China, and acting traditions from Europe and Russia provided ground for an intensive preoccupation with own and foreign.
The focus of my work roots in the event of cultural collision: What happens when theatre concepts of different cultures, especially of cultures that have developed in complete isolation from each other, collide? Is such a kind of collision respectively the source of a new form of theatre? As my central thesis I shall argue that the collision between different cultures does indeed result in new theatrical styles.