Abstract (eng)
The aim of the present diploma thesis was to compare the growth performance of two cushion-forming high-mountain plants, Saxifraga bryoides and Silene exscapa at the alpine-nival ecotone of Mt. Schrankogel (3497m) in the central Alps of Tyrol. S. bryoides is a predominantly subnival to nival species and S. exscapa can be considered as high-alpine to subnival pioneer species of alpine grassland. Therefore it was hypothesized that, after a period of climate warming, populations of the lower-distributed species would expand at its upper range margin, whereas populations of the high-altitude species would show a contraction. Such diverging changes may be discernible when observing large sets of individuals (195: S. bryoides, 272: S. exscapa) that are distributed within the alpine-nival ecotone.
For this purpose I used photographs of monitoring plots from 1994 and 2004 that were provided by the GLORIA network. On these photos all undoubtedly identifiable individuals were selected and cushion diameters were measured for both years 1994 and 2004 with the computer program AUTOCAD. During fieldwork in 2009, pictures of the same plots were taken again and plant diameters were subsequently calibrated by AUTOCAD. This resulted in a time series of two partial periods 1994 – 2004 (10 years), 2004 – 2009 (5 years) and a total period 1994 – 2009 (15 years). Growth rates as well as the frequency of increasing or decreasing cushion surface areas could be determined and a growth curve was calculated. During fieldwork, cushion diameters were also measured in situ and the percentage of damaged cushion area was visually estimated. In addition, any other vascular plant species growing on the cushion plants (guest plants) were recorded on a presence/absence basis in order to estimate differences in guest plant frequencies. Measurement inaccuracies of the 2009-cushion diameters arising from the AUTOCAD application could be evaluated with the field-measured cushion diameters.
The results show that the two species differ clearly in their growth performance. Individuals of Saxifraga bryoides decreased in surface area more frequently than those of Silene exscapa. In addition, the former showed comparatively high percentages of damaged areas which could be noticed already at small individuals. The growth rate of both species increased with increasing cushion areas albeit this pattern was found to be more homogenous for Silene exscapa. In addition the latter species showed higher growth rate values than Saxifraga bryoides. A mixed effects model showed that the species differ significantly in their growth performance and that S. exscapa grows faster than S. bryoides. However it also indicated a high variability in growing patterns. An age determination was made by assessing the increment of growth after 5, 10 or 15 years. Difficulties, however, arose from the wide amplitude of cushion sizes and the variability in individual growth rates that yielded different diameters for the same age value. For a particular age, three diameter values were estimated, one from each timespan (5, 10 and 15 years). At the age of 30 years S. exscapa diameters are estimated to measure 7.5 cm, 10 cm and 16 cm, respectively. The respective values for S. bryoides are 5 cm, 7 cm and 12 cm. Cushion guests occurred more frequently and with higher numbers on Silene exscapa than on Saxifraga bryoides. The mean species number of guest plants was greater at lower sites than at higher sites.
The results can partly be explained by the difference in the growth form of the investigated species. Silene exscapa forms more compact cushions and is therefore more resistant against mechanical damage. The cushions of S. exscapa, further, appear to be more effective heat collectors and may have a better capacity for holding water and soil nutrients. In contrast, Saxifraga bryoides makes loose, more irregular cushion shapes and creeping stems which are more vulnerable to mechanic damage such as from rock slides or solifluction. Therefore, the study of the growth performance and the age determination was easier for S. exscapa compared to S. bryoides.
The observed slower growth rates of Saxifraga bryoides, combined with a higher extent of cushion damages on both large and small individuals, however, also indicate an ongoing warming-driven contraction (S. bryoides) versus expansion process (S. exscapa).
Given that all study plants of this thesis are located in permanent plots, their continued observation and in-depth study is expected to yield high interesting insights in the response patterns of high-mountain cushion plants to changing climatic conditions.