Abstract (eng)
Today, tourism as the world’s biggest industry is looking for opportunities to expand into regions with intact eco-systems in order to develop “ecotouristic” activities. This expansion goes hand in hand with the creation of protected areas, which help to stimulate ecotouristic demand. Often, the lands in question are lands occupied by indigenous peoples, where 80% of global biodiversity remain.
The international conservationist scene admits to have neglected local and indigenous communities in the planning of protected areas for decades. As a possible answer, different forms of participative planning and management are put forward (Community Conserved Areas, Co-managed Protected Areas,…).
However, in French-Guyana and in other places, there remains a risk that a vague notion of participation replaces the recognition of indigenous rights. An approach to development that is firmly anchored in international law establishes clear norms to counter this risk. The question is if the possibilities for participation accompanying the creation of the Amazonian National Parc of French-Guyana accommodate the right to self-determination of the residant indigenous peoples, preliminary condition for respectful and responsible tourism.
As a first step, the paper examines the international sustainability discourse which has acted to green-wash tourism from its criticisms. In the case of French-Guyana, tourism in the Southern indigenous territories had been banned in 1970 as a protective measure, but is now again discussed under the banner of “ecotourism” as a development scheme in the Amazonian National Park. The situation in French-Guyana thus closely mirrors the fall and rise of tourism in the international development discourse.
An overview of the contents of indigenous rights is given, followed by a close look at the French legal framework. The historic heritage of the French revolution’s ideals still translate to a problematic relationship with indigenous and minorities rights. However, a pragmatic handling of indigenous demands has allowed for some exceptional legislation.
The final chapters deal with the difficult birth of the Amazonian National Park, which even made necessary a kind of Caesarean section, a reform of the French national parks legislation. The park was created in 2007, after fifteen years of negotiating. Still several important questions concerning the rights of local communities have been left unanswered and need to be solved by the charta of the national park. The charta, an important innovation of the legislative reform, is to be negotiated by the park’s steering committee in the five years after creation of the park. However, tribal and indigenous authorities hold only 5 out of 44 seats in this committee, putting the right of self-determination at stake.