Abstract (eng)
Technology start-ups which became successful and grew into multi-million companies “over-night” such as Skype, Google, Microsoft, Facebook or Groupon have attracted increased interest from many different directions. On the one hand, start-ups attracted the attention from governments since they recognised a high potential of job creation and growth for their economies from early-stage companies. On the other hand, practitioners and researchers are trying to understand the factors behind the success of such early-stage companies.
Venture capital investment professionals regard the profile of a potential investee company’ management team as one of the most important criterion underlying their investment decision. Additionally, given that venture capitalists understand the importance of larger networks and higher resources available, they often motivate additional investors to co-invest in investee companies, i.e. to enter an investors’ syndicate, in order to support the business building process on its way to success. Academic research examined these practises and showed a positive relationship between the levels of human capital on one hand and syndicated investments on the other hand, and the success of an early-stage company. Following these findings, the goal of this thesis is to evaluate if these findings also hold true for the European venture capital markets which have not been examined in much depth yet.
In order to analyse the influence of human capital and venture capital syndication, two sets of companies were selected from a large set of European venture capital backed companies. 22 overly successful investee companies were selected. The success criterions were a minimum exit multiple of 5x the venture capital investment and a minimum internal rate of return of 30% per annum which allowed to control for the holding period of an investment in addition to the return on capital invested. In contrast, a counter sample of 26 unsuccessful investee companies was selected. These companies received significant volumes of venture capital investments, already completed their product and entered the market, however went out of business anyway.
These two samples were analysed and compared based on the education level, education relevance, professional experience relevance, previous start-up/entrepreneurial experience and previous senior management experience as factors influencing the level of human capital of the senior management team. The quality of investors involved, indicator for syndication, the overall number of venture capitalists invested per company and the average number of venture capitalists invested per investment round were used to analyse the syndication behaviour on the other hand. The two samples were analysed using a Mann-Whitney U test, since a student t test could not be performed due to lack of prerequisites for such a test. Contrary to previous academic research, the analysis in the thesis found little evidence of an influence of overall human capital level on the success of an early-stage company. Only a high education level and previous start-up experience showed a statistically significant influence. Also, no significant difference was found between the two samples when comparing the quality of investors on the success of a company. With regards to the influence of syndication, a significant difference was found, however the unsuccessful companies showed a higher level of syndication than unsuccessful companies which contradicted the hypothesised direction. Nevertheless, interesting observations were made on the investment and syndication behaviours. The companies in the successful samples were funded by a single investor and received less investment volumes in the first investment round and increased the investment volume and added syndication partners only in subsequent rounds. This observation shows a higher resource-consciousness and focus of the investors which practitioners regard as a prerequisite of the success of an early-stage company. It also supports the coaching view on the role of venture capitalists which are able to build successful companies around a highly qualitative management team. The scouting view is supported by the venture capitalists buying into later stage rounds of successful companies and thus picking winners.
In retrospect, reflecting on the overall setup and the results of the analysis in this thesis, the companies examined represented a very narrow selection of venture capital backed companies in Europe and are analysed from a very narrow point of view. Aside from the requirement of success or no success of the companies which drove the constitution of the two samples, other factors like industry specifics such as capital intensive business models with long lead development times and highly competitive environments, might have been omitted. These factors may have contributed to a distorted picture in the analysis and thus further research into this field should account for much larger sample sizes and consider industry distribution.
Another factor may be the relatively young age of the European venture capital industry with a limited number of players with longstanding history and successful track record in venture capital investing possibly leading to a heterogeneous landscape of venture capitalists in this field.