Abstract (eng)
Hypervelocity meteorite impacts generate a variety of shocked and melted products that are ejected from the impact crater. These products vary with distance from the crater. Distal ejecta is poorly understood. In this study, impact spherules from a large meteorite impact have been studied from the Fennoscandian Arctic Russia-Drilling Early Earth Project (FAR-DEEP) drill cores. These mm-diameter spherules are likely formed by a large meteorite impact event, with supporting evidence from the petrographic characteristsics of the spherules being similar to previously investigated spherule layers from other parts of the world and the platinum group element (PGE) concentrations having distinct ratios and greater abundances from any local volcanic source could provide. It is likely that the Karelian spherule layer was formed from melted material of the Vredefort impact crater, based on the age of the formation being constrained to 1980-2050 Ma, similar to the 2020 Ma age of the Vredefort structure.
Closer to an impact crater, thicker deposits of debris can be found. Between ~5 crater radii and ~10 crater radii, discontinuously deposited distal ejecta can be found as brecciated clasts of target material mixed with melted, vesicular material and shocked grains. In the case of the Sudbury crater in Ontario, Canada, the ejecta has been found in Michigan, and Minnesota, USA, and western Ontario, Canada (particularly near the city of Thunder Bay). This work presents petrographic and geochemical data of ejecta from these locations, with samples taken from various distances from the impact crater to determine the variation with distance from the crater that ejecta deposition undergoes. Nearest the crater (ca. 500 km), the deposits are dominated by lithic clasts that are unshocked and unmelted. Farther away from the crater (ca. 700 km), the ejecta deposits are dominated by melt droplets that are deposited thickly. In both of these cases, the deposits are capped by accretionary lapilli. The most distal ejecta studied (ca. 900 km) consists almost entirely of melt spherules.
To properly understand impact deposits, it is necessary to study shocked quartz. Shocked quartz is the most abundant and readily identifyable and quantifyable petrographic indicator of a hypervelocity impact event on Earth. However, the process of measuring the individual planar deformation features in a single grain and indexing them to the c-axis to determine the crystallographic orientation of the shock planes is a time consuming task, largely because, prior to this work, it was required that all samples be indexed by hand. This work presents a computer algorithm that facilitates the indexing of shocked quartz grains to greatly enhance the ability of researchers to rapidly and accurately process data gathered from U-stage measurements of planar deformation features in quartz grains.