Abstract (eng)
During the last two decades the number of regional integration agreements has increased significantly and developing countries have increasingly adopted regionalism as a development strategy. However, the general theoretical debate on regionalism has only marginally explored regionalism outside the industrialized world. This thesis addresses the theoretical marginalization of Africa by exploring the process of regional integration in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Theoretically based on the comprehensive New Regionalism Approach, this paper wants to explore how state actors, businesses actors, civil society actors and especially external actors have shaped the process of regional integration in the SADC region and in how far their respective interests have contributed to a shift towards an open approach that emphasizes trade liberalization. In light of the region’s dependence on both external financial assistance and extra-regional export markets, the thesis focuses on the role of the European Union in this process.
First, the thesis identifies three concepts of regional integration, each emphasizing different roles of the state and the market and each promoting different trade regimes with external partners. In Africa and in the SADC region in particular, there has been a strategic shift from inward to outward oriented strategies. The thesis then explores the implications of the African context. Especially NEPAD and the African Economic Community (AEC) provide a framework for regional integration and promote market integration and global openness. With regard to Southern Africa, the construction of the region was significantly shaped by the interests of the mining industry and the white minority as well as labor migration and investments in the regional railroad system. As a result, the regional economy was centered on South Africa. This played an important role for regionalism in Southern Africa. Then the thesis discusses how the interests of state actors, business actors, civil society actors and external actors have shaped the integration process in the SADC region. They interact on various levels and dispose of different ways to promote, obstruct or influence the integration process. With regard to external actors, focus is put on the role of the European Union. Development cooperation and economic relations are identified as the most important channels of influence for the EU. Due to the region’s dependence on financial assistance, the EU was able to promote market integration and to support the adoption of regional institutions similar to its own. Concerning economic cooperation the last chapter deals with the potential effects of the Economic Partnership Agreements on regional integration in Southern Africa.