Abstract (eng)
Recent theories suggest that other-oriented empathic behavior towards a person in distress is already present during the first year of life. This view contradicts established theories, which hypothesize that diverse empathic reactions develop in the second year of life and long-standing research practices, that focused on the empathic behavior of older children. This study replicates an experimental paradigm that examines the empathic behavior of 9-month-old children in reaction to their mother’s simulation of distress. Additionally, we adapted the paradigm to rate the influences of the characteristics of the distress situation as well as the influence of the social environment on the children’s reactions are examined. The results illustrate that children show diverse other-oriented behaviors in response to another’s distress. Especially the two components of other-oriented concern for others, affective concern and inquiry behavior, were shown frequently. In contrary to past theories, self-oriented distress was the least shown reaction. Moreover, an influence of the stimulus characteristics length and intensity on the level of concern for others was observed. Observations concerning the influence of the children’s knowledge of the cause of the distress are ambiguous, as there were diverging results for the different examined situations. No relationship was found between the child’s concern for others and the maternal functioning. Future research should further investigate the conditions of the development of the concern for others as well as the main influencing factors, as compassion and solidarity in our societies can only be nurtured by a thorough understanding of these aspects.