Abstract (eng)
LDL receptor-related protein-2 (LRP-2/Megalin/gp330) was initially identified as the
pathogenic autoantigen in a rat kidney disease known as Heymann nephritis. Hence,
research primarily focused on the role of the protein in the kidney. LRP-2 is a 600kDa
member of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family, membrane proteins
that share structural properties and functional features. The receptor is expressed on
the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells, which show high endocytic activity.
Although LRP-2 is a classical endocytic receptor, recent findings helped to reveal its
prominent role in cell signaling, vitamin homeostasis, and steroid hormone function.
To exert these different tasks, LRP-2 is a promiscuous receptor for various ligands
including lipoproteins, vitamin-binding proteins, hormones, and enzymes.
LRP-2, which is important for the developing and adult organism, is highly expressed
in organs including mammalian kidney, lung, small intestine, and male and female
reproductive tracts. During development the receptor can be found in various
embryonic as well as extraembryonic tissues. Significantly, LRP-2 is highly
expressed in the yolk sac, which is mostly of evolutionary importance in mammals,
but is essential in avian embryogenesis. Therefore, the chicken serves as an excellent
model organism not only to study lipid metabolism, but also to analyze
embryogenesis. Although expression and functions of mammalian LRP-2 are well
characterized, the roles of its avian homologue need further investigation.
By analyzing chicken LRP-2 expression patterns, possible receptor functions may be
elucidated. Here I revealed that LRP-2 is highly expressed in the chicken yolk sac,
which is composed of an outer layer of interlinked mesenchymal cells pervaded by
blood vessels, and an inner single layer of large endodermal endothelial cells (EEC)
facing the yolk. To localize the receptor in the yolk sac, immunohistochemistry
showed that LRP-2 is expressed on the surface of EECs. Western blotting
experiments confirmed these results. LRP-2 expression in the yolk sac can be
observed in the first week of incubation, it culminates at the beginning of the third
week and then slowly decreases. This observation correlates with the fact that
transport processes operate at highest levels in the last trimester of chicken
development. Therefore, LRP-2 expression in the membrane of EECs may mediate nutrient uptake from the yolk. In contrast, LRP-2 expression steadily increases during
kidney development and persists in the adult organ. It is important to note that LRP-2
expression levels in the adult kidney differ significantly between male and female
animals. A possible explanation for this observation could be the influence of sex
hormones. This notion is supported by my data showing increased LRP-2 expression
in the rooster kidney following estrogen treatment. Future studies should provide
better insights into the hormonal regulatory mechanisms of receptor expression.
The data obtained from studies on aspects of chicken development support the crucial
role of the yolk sac; the underlying mechanisms are planned to be elucidated in
ongoing studies.