Abstract (eng)
Since the 1st of April 1998, the Austrian Armed Forces have opened their doors to women who have chosen to embrace a military career. The integration of women in such an institution dominated by male values, raised issues which were supposedly already solved. Since the mid-1990s the Austrian Armed Forces have begun structural changes which led to an ineluctable opening of the army career to women in a desire to offer equal chances to both sexes. That said, it is quite obvious to perceive the admission of women to serve in the Austrian Army as one of the most fundamental and far-reaching reform of the last decade.
Although women have been involved over the centuries in various ways with the military, a review of our Western History points out that, women could rarely determine themselves the moment or the manner of their involvement at war. Again and again, a singular phenomenon appeared: women would “disguise” themselves as man in order to be allowed to be enrolled as a soldier or a shooter. Due to this fact, few women were able to join the k. (u.) k. Army but this small amount of female soldiers proved themselves on the battlefields. This type of cunning ruse finds itself at the very narrow border line of traditional values and the personal will. These values were indeed determined by a so to say “natural female peacefulness”.
As an institution, in its traditional norms and values, the Army has always been the mirror of our Western societies. As a result, it might be one of the reasons why an extremely long-lasting formal argumentation against the admission of women into military ranges existed. But women were indeed involved in exceptional circumstances and time of deep crisis. Then they were allowed to brake through their usual pattern and emerge from their simple role of “care-reserve”. Women were needed to fight side by side with male soldiers in the trenches and in defensive battles. They took even part in revolutions and in the Resistance-warfare.
Actually, the opening of the Austrian Armed Forces to women in 1998 was based less on a military necessity but rather on the expression of a general demand. However it could be said that in the practice, the traditional woman figure is more sustainable than what is officially declared. Therefore, it was all the more important to prepare thoroughly the integration of women in the Austrian Army right from the beginning. In reality, male supervisors, trainers, comrades and women themselves had to face an entirely new military world and environment.
After ten years of women entering the Army, their integration seems to point out that traditional gender stereotypes are in part still deeply rooted in our military Western mentality. Concerning this fact, Austria odes not represent an isolated case. It should be underlined that even in countries were women have been for decades “integrated” in the armed forces, the same debate comes over and over again. The appreciation of female presence on battle fields or at key general staff position is far away from being accepted. To summarize, it might point out something that could be called an “experimental situation”. Apparently, the attribution of a distinctive role in a frictionless cooperation between male and female soldiers could not be found until now. Still, it seems that the gender issue remains the core of this battle.
“At the moment in most countries of the world one can’t imagine armed forces without the presence of female soldiers. (…) The future will show whether the integration problems occurring today can be resolved satisfactorily on all parties.”