Abstract (eng)
Agricultural systems of shifting cultivation have been practiced around the globe for several thousand years and it is only recently that these systems have undergone a radical change. Fundamentally, shifting cultivation (or swidden agriculture) is characterised by a mostly cyclical shift of shorter periods of cultivation and longer periods of fallow and by a preceding clearing of the vegetation (usually using fire). Today swidden agriculture is practiced mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, as it fits perfectly to these ecological circumstances. In the north of Thailand three agro-ecological zones with different agricultural practices can be distinguished. Shifting cultivation in general is seen as the traditional practice of the ethnic minorities living in the mountain areas of Northern Thailand and is often considered in opposition to the wet-rice cultivation of the Thai majority. For this and other reasons, swidden agriculture has been judged negatively in the last few decades, initially being regarded as primitive and backwards and later as harmful to the environment. This trend can be understood against the backdrop of the developing Thai nation. The exploitation of the natural resources, started by the European colonial powers, led to the emergence of a questionable ecological policy, while the policies concerning ethnic minorities have tended towards assimilation and repression. Most of the stereotypes and prejudices concerning shifting cultivation are not scientifically tenable and are used as a tool by the government in the struggle for forest resources, serving as justification to interfere in the lives of the ethnic minorities.
Today, many state intervention policies, such a those of resettlement, restriction and highland development, as well as the effect of the increasing population, have led to a change of the agricultural systems of shifting cultivation. The fallow periods have been shortened dramatically, the mixed cultivation has, in many places, turned into cash crop production, and the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides has become commonplace. The ecological consequences of this agricultural change are devastating and many ethnic minorities today live under very bad circumstances. The forced changes in the upland agriculture of northern Thailand may cause an ecological and social catastrophe.