Abstract (eng)
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), being a member of the picornavirus family, is a small,
non-enveloped virus with a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity. The RNA genome is
directly translated into a long polyprotein which is subsequently processed by viral proteases. The
first protein encoded on this polyprotein is the Leader protease that can exist in two different
forms, Labpro and Lbpro, dependent on the translation initiation at two different start codons.
Lbpro is a papain-like cysteine protease that frees itself from the polyprotein by cleavage
between its own C-terminus and the N-terminus of the subsequent protein VP4. Lbpro is a very
specific protease cleaving only two cellular substrates, the two homologues of the eukaryotic
translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G), eIF4GI and eIF4GII. eIF4G plays an important role in
eukaryotic translation initiation as it acts as a scaffold protein that brinds together the capped
mRNA and the ribosome. The term ‚host cell shut off’ describes the process during FMDV infection,
at which eIF4G is cleaved by the Leader protease resulting in the inhibition of cellular capdependent
translation initiation. However, the translation of the viral RNA remains unaffected as
translation is initiated via an IRES (internal ribosome entry site).
The overall goal of this study is to inhibit the Lbpro self-processing step. Consequently, Lbpro
would remain connected with the capsid protein VP4. As a result, VP4 would not be able to fit
correctly into the viral capsid structure, thus inhibiting the formation of viable virus particles. Lbpro
self-processing can occur either inter- or intramolecularly; however, the cis cleavage reaction was
shown to be preferred. Therefore, intramolecular self-processing of Lbpro is an important target for
the development of anti-virals.
Due to these facts, in this work we focused on the investigation of the intramolecular selfprocessing
reaction of Lbpro at the molecular level. It was observed that Lbpro forms stable dimers
in solution by inserting the C-terminal extension (CTE) of one molecule into the active site of the
neighbouring molecule. Therefore, we tried to separate the dimer by site-directed mutagenesis in
order to be able to investigate self-processing in cis. Mutations were introduced at two regions of
the protease: the interface region between dimeric Lbpro molecules and the CTE which binds to the
active site of the neighbouring molecule.
As Trp 105 and Thr 117 were thought to contribute to the intermolecular interactions in the
interface region between dimeric Lbpro molecules, these residues were substituted either by Ala to
remove potential attractive interactions or by Arg to provoke repulsion. However, the mutations
W105A, T117A, W105A T117A and W105R in the interface region neither affected the enzymatic
activity of Lbpro nor could they inhibit dimer formation. Therefore, residues Trp 105 and Thr 117 do
not appear to make crucial contributions to the stability of the dimer.
Interestingly, the single mutation of the C-terminal residue Leu 200 to Phe was sufficient to
disrupt the dimer. Although monomeric Lbpro L200F appeared delayed in self-processing, a
transient binding of the CTE to the active site could be determined. Therefore, these findings
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provide interesting insights concerning intramolecular self-processing. The data indicate that the
last seven amino acids of the CTE are bound to the active site in a similar way as present in the
dimer. However, it was not possible to detect signals for the last 12 residues of the CTE. This is
probably caused by the rate of transient interaction between the CTE and the active site, which is
difficult to detect by NMR.
The additional mutation L143A restores the self-processing activity as well as the dimeric
structure of Lbpro L200F, although the Lbpro L143A L200F dimer appears rather destabilised.
Further investigations concerned the nuclear localisation of Lbpro. It was considered that Lbpro
enters the nucleus via receptor-mediated transport. Therefore, enzymatically inactive Lbpro was
expressed in human cells. However, it was not possible to detect Lbpro in the nucleus in appreciable
amounts. Due to these findings, nuclear localisation and receptor-mediated nuclear transport of
Lbpro into the nucleus could not be confirmed.