Abstract (eng)
On January 1, 2005 the EU ETS was launched. It is a multinational emission trading system helping participating countries to reach their Kyoto targets. The first three years after its implementation was Phase I, a learning phase offering a trial-and-error approach for the following compliance period. Despite its weaknesses and the many obstacles and problems along the path from development to realization, most critics agreed that it is a success. Buchner et al. state “within less than five years, the EU ETS evolved from being an innovative but controversial idea to an indispensable instrument of European climate change policy.” (Buchner et al. 2007) Ellerman and Joskow have praise for the EU ETS that ”has evolved from being an engaging possibility in the 2000 Green Paper to being what is now regularly characterized as the flagship of the European Climate Change Program.” (Ellerman and Joskow 2008)
When the idea of a cap-and-trade system with cost-free allowance allocation first arose, opponents claimed that taxes were better measures, as they are direct costs per emitted unit, while the EU ETS gave heavily air polluting companies permission to emit. When the “Emission Directive” was issued, it was criticised, that the scheme did not limit, “cap”, the total amount of allowances it would grant, but that the Member States had to make sure for themselves to move within the limits the criteria in Annex III of the “Emission Directive” set. As a consequence, the “Emission Directive” was amended for future trading phases. In a Memo the European Commission writes that the final text of the amended “Emission Directive” differed a bit from the proposal. Nevertheless, had the "climate and energy trends agreed by the 2007 Spring European Council been maintained and the overall architecture of the Commission's proposal on the EU ETS remains intact. That is to say that there will be one EU-wide cap on the number of emission allowances and this cap will decrease annually along a linear trend line, which will continue beyond the end of the third trading periods (2013-2020)." (European Commission 2008b)
An often discussed topic is the sensibility of the prohibition of banking, the saving of emission credits for the future, during Phase I. While it did have a negative effect on price stability (as the credits became worthless with the termination of the trading period), I believe that in the case of the EU ETS it was justified. Due to the lack of verified emission data, the release of saved credits would have had a devastating effect on the current prices. According to several studies a price of EUR 40 per emission allowance would be needed to motivate abatement. With an already low market price, the increase in supply (by letting unused credits from the former phase enter the market), would have forced down the prices even further.
One of the main topics found in the literature on Phase I is the lack of data and experience that caused uncertainty among the players, resulting in high price volatility and (in the beginning) reserved market participation. Accessibility of information has an influence on the efficiency of the market and the Member States had to cope with many imponderables. The allocation process was full of unanswered questions concerning the rules of the system and irregularities that were only intensified by the tight deadlines. But I believe that exactly these tight deadlines brought the necessary impetus for action.
Without a doubt there are many controversial points and the EU ETS still has an optimisation potential, but on the whole I believe that the challenge of getting a trading system of its size up and running in such a short time period, should not be underestimated. After many years of consulting and evaluating, something is finally being done. A fact the IEA (2008) acknowledges, as it writes: ”It is within the power of all governments, of producing and consuming countries alike, acting alone or together, to steer the world towards a cleaner, cleverer and more competitive energy system. Time is running out and the time to act is now.”