Abstract (eng)
Myrmecochory, the dispersal of fruits and seeds by ants is a phenomenon, which can be observed worldwide in over 3000 plantspecies out of 80 different families. Myrmecochorous diaspores have appendages, so-called elaiosomes, which are particularly rich in lipids and free amino-acids. Elaiosomes are removed by ant workers and fed to the larvae, which are in need of these nutrients for growth and development. So they demonstrate a rentable source of energy for ants. The plants also benefit from this mutualism, because their diaspores get dispersed or are carried from the ants into their nests where they are protected against predators and fire.
In this study, diaspores of 10 temperate plant species were examined as to their attractiveness to Myrmica rubra in the laboratory. Additionally, experiments with 5 of these 10 species were made in field, in order to test whether or not the laboratory results are similar to those under field conditions. Furthermore it was determined, whether the preference of certain plant species is influenced by different compounds in the elaiosomes.
The results show that the diaspores of Knautia dipsacifolia, Knautia arvensis, Helleborus niger and Corydalis cava were the most attractive ones, while those of Galanthus nivalis, Leucojum vernum and Asarum europaeum proved rather unattractive for M. rubra. One reason is possibly the total weight of the diaspore (seed/fruit + elaiosome). As the most unattractive diaspores were the biggest and heaviest, so the transport for the ants may be cumbersome. Particular amino-acids such as glutamate, histidine, arginine and tyrosine, plus the total carbohydrate content and, to a minor degree, trehalose seem to have an influence on the carrying rate/bear away rate of the diaspores. Here glutamate semms to be the ingredient which has the greatest influence on the attractiveness of the diaspores of the prefered plant species.
From my results it is difficult to say whether a high or low concentration of these compounds is responsible for the attractiveness, because there is no general trend. The glutamate concentration, for example, is highest in the most attractive diaspores (K. dipsacifolia und K. arvensis) and lowest in the most unattractive ones (G. nivalis und L. vernum), but some plant species, which were intermediate in their preference (Symphytum officinale und Pulmonaria officinalis) had a much higher concentration in their elaiosomes. The same applies to other amino-acids. H. niger diaspores, for example, were leading in the preference list of M. rubra, but had the lowest histidine-concentration in its elaiosomes. Conversely, the total carbohydrate concentration was highest in the most unattractive diaspores, but this does not seem to follow a trend in the other species. So the results of the present investigations suggest that not single elaiosome compounds, but synergistic effects in composition or a certain proportion of different compounds are responsible for attractiveness. Additionally, diaspore characteristics such as total diaspore mass and weight may be important and may influence the bearing-away behaviour of Myrmica rubra.