Abstract (eng)
Aberrant activation of the MAP kinase pathway is of fundamental importance for the transformation of numerous cell types. This can be achieved by oncogenic Ras and B-Raf missense mutations, which are common genetic lesions found in human cancers. Although a causal role of MAP kinase pathway hyperactivation in cancer development has been established, modulation of the pathway by the complex interplay of Ras and Raf proteins remains poorly understood. Here, I show that proto-oncogenic C-Raf antagonizes the oncogenic activity of the most frequent cancer-associated B-Raf mutant, B-RafV600E, through the formation of B-RafV600E–C-Raf complexes with low kinase activity. B-Raf–C-Raf association is promoted by oncogenic Ras, providing a potential explanation for the exclusivity of oncogenic Ras mutations and B-RafV600E in human cancer. To study the suppressive function of C-Raf on B-RafV600E in vivo, a mouse model of B-RafV600E was developed. Activated murine B-RafV619E, analogous to human B-RafV600E, transforms MEFs and, when expressed in melanocytes, induces hyper-pigmentation in mice. As B-RafV619E expression results in a transformed phenotype in vitro and in vivo, this mouse model will be useful to further evaluate the relationship between C-Raf and B-RafV600E. As C-Raf has adverse effects on B-RafV600E-induced transformation, its role in mediating transformation by oncogenic K-RasG12D was examined. Homozygous loss of C-Raf impairs K-RasG12D-mediated lung tumor initiation and cell survival in MEFs. In contrast, B-Raf is required for the proliferative advantage conferred by K-RasG12D in vitro and in vivo. Together, I demonstrate that Raf proteins can have cancer promoting as well as preventing roles depending on the oncogenic context.