Abstract (eng)
Credit is a powerful driver of modern economies and the extent to which companies worldwide operate on credit is enormous. The recent financial crisis, with the failure of numerous large banks and companies from all sorts of industries and countries, has pointed out the weaknesses of the existing worldwide credit culture and (re)created awareness that international bank lending comes hand in hand with a wide variety of types of risk. These include interest rate-, market-, liquidity-, operational-, and most importantly credit risk, which is the main focus of this paper.
Banks act as financial intermediaries in the worldwide financial systems and need to face that risk is a cost of doing business. The adequate identification, analysis, measurement, management and control of risk is essential when making financial decisions aiming at sustainability. Banks need to be determined about the level of risk to accept and develop an integrated risk management strategy that considers all risk types and extends across functional boundaries.
Innovative technologies, evolving financial products and new market participants have changed the worldwide financial systems and also created a more efficient credit process. The fundamental lending objective of modern banks is to find the proper balance between portfolio growth and credit quality. Depending on how banks define their credit philosophy/culture and accordingly specify their credit risk strategy, one can ultimately evaluate the overall effectiveness of their credit process.
Credit ratings support the credit assessment process and are the basis on which banks evaluate potential borrowers. There are external ratings provided by rating agencies and internal credit rating systems, which are developed by banks themselves, though banking supervision authorities set strict requirements concerning objectivity of the rating results and transparency of the rating process.
The three large worldwide rating agencies (Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s and Fitch Ratings) all emphasize qualitative and quantitative factors relative to their credit ratings. They provide an opinion in terms of an independent third party view on company’s and financial institution’s fundamental financial strength.
The objective of so-called (internal) risk rating systems is to generate accurate and consistent risk ratings, yet also to allow professional judgment to significantly influence a rating where this is appropriate. The basic elements of internal risk ratings systems include the quantitative analysis of the financial statement (ratio analysis, asset valuation, and cash flow adequacy), the assessment of qualitative company aspects (management, industry, country risk, and the quality of the financial information and accounting practices), and additional evaluation of the third-party support, term, structure, and collateral.
Because banks have a key function in the worldwide economy and international banking is rapidly growing, it is no surprise that they underlie strict regulations at the global level, which extensively aim at controlling the risks of extending business credit. As credit risk management by now has arrived at a high level of sophistication, its regulation is a crucial aspect which desires not only to limit losses, but to take an active part in the process of “shareholder value creation”.
The regulatory measurement of credit risk is provided by the Basel II Capital Accord. The three pillars of Basel II (minimum capital requirements, supervisory review process, and market discipline) aim at increasing the quality and stability of the international banking system, creating and maintaining a level playing field of internationally active banks and promoting the adoption of better risk management practices. An innovation of the first pillar (minimum capital requirements), which is the most important one concerning credit risk, is that it provides banks an incentive to increase their internal risk management practices as capital requirements should now be more closely aligned to internal economic capital estimates. Basel II provides two specific approaches to measure credit risk, namely the Standardised (STD) Approach and the Internal Ratings-Based (IRB) Approach. Furthermore Basel II recognizes a wider range of credit risk mitigants for regulatory capital purposes, and includes market risk and operational risk as well.
Finally, the recent worldwide financial crisis has shown that banks, auditing companies, rating agencies, and regulatory authorities have somewhat disregarded natural precaution practices and hence failed in several aspects to adequately counteract most importantly the exposure to credit risk. Their roles therefore definitely need reconsideration.