Abstract (eng)
This thesis presents an interdisciplinary study of Marco Polo – An Opera within an Opera (première Munich, 1996) by the Chinese-born composer Tan Dun (b. 1957). It is based on musical analysis of the score, as well as close readings of Tan's own Preface to his opera, and the libretto by Paul Griffiths, itself shaped by his earlier novel Myself and Marco Polo (1989).
In the first half of the thesis, I introduce the concept of an ‚Idee Marco Polo‘ (‚Idea of Marco Polo‘), which I define as the perpetuation of a belief in the myth of Marco Polo, notwithstanding fundamental doubts cast (by Frances Wood and Dietmar Henze, among others) on the historical accuracy and credibility of Marco Polo’s itinerary as recounted in Il
Milione (ca.1298). This sole extant source of Marco Polo’s supposed journey from Italy to China is so riddled with inaccuracies as to suggest that he might not have reached China at all. Given the accumulation of centuries of far-reaching doubts, then, Tan Dun must reckon not only with the historical subject of Marco Polo but also with an ideological legacy of wishful thinking based on romanticised and eurocentric notions about the Far-East.
In the second part of the thesis, I explore how Tan Dun’s identity, and his own personal confrontation with East and West, might have shaped and influenced his composition of the
opera. My reading of the structure and ‚cast‘ (the composer’s term) of the opera, and in particular the composer’s division of the protagonist into the ‚beings‘ Marco, and the ‚memory‘ Polo, draws on Jan and Aleida Assmann's concept of ‚kulturelles Gedächtnis‘ (‚cultural memory‘), as well as Laurence Senelick's research on gender and homoeroticism in traditional Chinese opera.
My conclusions suggest that the subject of Marco Polo shows close parallels with Tan Dun's own life and has also left autobiographical traces in the kind of musical journey on which his opera’s protagonist embarks. A close scrutiny of central scenes in the opera with respect to orchestration, harmony, melody, rhythm, and historical musical style and genre, reveal
different kinds of journey experiences. I explore these by comparison of the English terms ‚travel‘, ‚voyage‘ and ‚journey‘ with their Chinese translations ‚lǚxíng (旅行)‘ and ‚lǚyóu (旅
游)‘. These nuances of meanings, I suggest, are conveyed in Tan's composition and reflect his own selective perception of the original as a ‚dream journey‘, in which the historical dimension of Marco Polo merges with Tan's biography.