Abstract (eng)
Although many cancers can be treated efficiently in first line chemotherapy, relapse and refractory cancers require the discovery and development of new anti cancer agents. The present work analyzed the potential anti neoplastic activity of two rainforest species of the Asteraceae family, Critonia morifolia and Neurolaena lobata, that successfully passed hundreds of years of usage as home remedies in the long lasting medical tradition of the Central American Mayas. The plant material, collected in Guatemala, was lyophilized and sequentially extracted with five solvents of increasing polarity to provide an initial separation of plant constituents. For each plant, the extract exhibiting the most potent anti proliferative and pro apoptotic effects in HL 60 cells was subjected to more detailed investigations including western blot and FACS analyses.
The anti proliferative properties of the C. morifolia petroleum ether extract turned out to be attributable to the induction of cell death as the apoptotic executioner protein caspase 3 was already activated within 2 hours of incubation. Changes in the levels of cell regulatory proteins were observed thereafter, in particular, Chk2 was activated upon DNA cleavage initiated by the foregoing onset of apoptosis,and this correlated with the S phase cell arrest after 24 hours. The loss in bio activity of this extract indicated that considerably unstable compounds triggered the anti neoplastic effects, which may limit its potential use as anti cancer remedy.
The other plant, N. lobata, tested in human SR 786 and murine 417 NPM ALK positive ALCL cell lines, was more promising. In both cell lines, 10 15 µg/ml of the dichloromethane extract inhibited the cell cycle in G2 M phase, which correlated with the activation of Chk1 and the depletion of the proto oncogene c Myc paralleled by the upregulation of the p21 tumor suppressor protein. The extract strongly triggered apoptosis, inducing caspase 3 followed by phosphorylation of H2AX. Overall toxicity was low since normal human lung fibroblasts remained viable even upon exposure to extract concentrations beyond 15 µg/ml. The extract led to a substantial decrease in oncogenic NPM ALK transcript and protein expression, but not in that of nucleophosmin. This suggested that the extract affected a post-transcriptional mechanism, i.e. mRNA stability rather that mRNA transcription. The chemotherapeutic agent vincristine and the C. morifolia extract did not affect NPM-ALK expression. Apart from NPM ALK, a second tyrosine kinase, namely PDGFR β, was also downregulated by the N. lobata extract. Taken together, the N. lobata extract blocked the expression of several proto oncogenes by a mechanism that needs to be determined in future investigations.