Abstract (eng)
Otitis media, a very common disease of early childhood is caused by three major bacterial pathogens – Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) and Moraxella catarrhalis. An increasing resistance to antibiotics and the economic burden associated with otitis media raise the demand for a vaccine to prevent this disease.
These studies focussed on the identification, selection and characterization of potential novel vaccine antigens from NTHI and M. catarrhalis, the second and third most frequent antigens associated with otitis media. The list of antigens generated by the antigenome approach (AIP®) in previous studies provided the basis for these studies. Out of 214 M. catarrhalis and 156 NTHI antigens, approximately 20 proteins per pathogen were chosen for further research based on gene distribution, antigenome-screen hits and peptide ELISA. In parallel, proteomic analyses were performed in order to verify and complement the results obtained by the antigenome approach. Whole membrane preparations (NTHI and M. catarrhalis), outer membrane preparations (NTHI) as well as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) (M. catarrhalis) were subjected to mass spectrometric analysis. Thus, an enrichment of membrane proteins was achieved, leading to the identification of the membrane proteomes of M. catarrhalis and NTHI. Furthermore, OMVs isolated from M. catarrhalis cultures grown in iron-depleted medium were isolated and subjected to SDS-PAGE. This revealed that especially proteins between 70 and 130 kDa were upregulated during iron-limiting conditions. Due to these observations, the frequent selection of iron transport proteins by AIP®, and their crucial role in pathogenesis, one main focus of these studies was the examination of iron-regulated proteins. In the present studies, iron transporters were shown to be overexpressed during iron limitation in vitro by Western blot analysis and flow cytometry (NTHI) as well as Microarray analysis (M. catarrhalis). Moreover, eight selected gene deletion mutants were generated in M. catarrhalis to examine the essentiality of the genes for survival and bacterial growth. The msp22 (MCR_1416) gene deletion mutant appeared to be more sensitive to iron limitation compared to the wild type and all other gene deletion mutants. Thus, Msp22 was chosen for further characterization. Msp22 is a cytochrome c homologue, and immunization with the recombinant protein conferred protection in a mouse pulmonary clearance model. Moreover, vaccination with two additional candidate antigens, the “plug” domain of a TonB-dependent receptor (MCR_0076) as well as OppA (MCR_1303), enhanced pulmonary clearance upon bacterial challenge. Finally, Msp22 was heterologously expressed in M. catarrhalis using M. catarrhalis shuttle plasmid pEMCJH04-KAN, and subsequently purified on Ni-sepharose columns. Purified Msp22 was demonstrated to be covalently bound to heme and to exhibit heme-dependent peroxidase activity.
In summary, these studies strongly supported the characterization and evaluation of potential novel M. catarrhalis and NTHI antigens for the development of an otitis media vaccine.