Abstract (eng)
In the first half of the Cinquecento, Andrea Doria was a key figure of Ligurian and European history and one of the most powerful Renaissance princes of his time. This paper attempts to analyse the artistic strategies by which he deployed a level of pomp and splendor that was duly representative of his status in compliance with the unwritten laws of Renaissance society. It starts out by examining the Palazzo in Fassolo, which Perino del Vaga – a disciple of Raphael – was in charge of decorating in High Renaissance style, yet unknown in Genoa at the time. Furthermore, this paper addresses the questions relating to the interpretation of the iconography used in del Vaga’s frescoes. After analysing the reconstruction of the Doria family church San Matteo, a presentation of the medals and plaquettes with the prince’s engraved portrait follows. Subsequent passages are dedicated to various problems concerning the portrait paintings of Andrea Doria by Sebastiano del Piombo and Agnolo Bronzino. The text concludes with an analysis of the more than life-size honorary statue dedicated to the great citizen of the Republic of Genoa.
This study also deals with the question of whether the “Principe“ entertained a princely court (“corte”). Andrea Doria was the Prince of Melfi and Tursi in Southern Italy, but had neither a formal title nor a claim to territorial sovereignty in Genoa. He owed his status as the de facto Signore of the city only to his personal role as the guarantor of Genoa’s loyalty to Emperor Charles V and of the city’s free status as a Republic. Usually the notion of “court” denotes having jurisdiction over a territory from a splendid and fortified urban residence as a visible center of power, a family church with an impressive sepulchre, civil servants, laqueys, courtiers, artists, and intellectuals as well as rituals like encomiastic processions, distinctions, titles and prebends that underline the prominent rank of the sovereign. At the same time, the ruler had to publicly demonstrate his preeminence through lavish generosity as well as somptuous self-representation by the means of art.
The Doria palace outside the city walls is a mixture of Palazzo, villa suburbana, and porticus villa on the seaside. On the basis of its size, shape, and location it can be considered a princely country residence. It was only thanks to the magnificent interior decoration that the building adopted the character of a princely High Renaissance villa in the style of the Roman-Florentine “maniera.” The frescoes glorified the owner of the palace as a “new Augustus,” bringing peace, welfare and a Golden Age to Genoa as a “new Rome.” An interpretation of the costly wall paintings as a glorification of Charles V is highly unlikely since the Emperor paid only very few visits to Genoa. Andrea Doria´s prestigious construction activity destined to secure a visible eternal “memoria” also included the family church, which he had refurbished according to the latest Renaissance architectural trends. Several famous artists worked for Doria, such as Perino del Vaga, Nicola Valentino, who was responsible for the precious textiles in the residence, the famous sculptor Angelo Montorsoli, and renowned masters like Beccafumi, Pordenone, Cosini, and others. The residence was also an important financial and spiritual attraction for humanist intellectuals.
Amazingly, the prince conspicuously refrained from artistic self-display, undoubtedly in order not to antagonize other Ligurian aristocratic families by creating a personality cult around himself. His portraits were either ordered by others or their commissioners are unknown, which is also true for the medals and plaquettes that feature Doria’s portrait. No sources indicate that the colossal statue erected in his honor was made at the prince’s own instigation.
Did Andrea Doria intend to establish a dynastic rulership in Genoa by means of a court? The evidence at hand does not support this idea. The condottiere had no direct successor, the tomb in the family crypt was destined only for himself and his wife, and the Ligurian nobility´s jealous aspirations for power and influence would have offered stern opposition to a dynastic signoria. Did he entertain a court or not? Some of the elements listed above do exhibit characteristics of an Italian Renaissance court, whereas others do not. Therefore, it seems appropriate to define Andrea Doria’s palace villa as a “court sui generis”, taking into account its luxurious furnishings, its splendour, and Doria´s personality and political position of power.