Abstract (eng)
The cephalopod central nervous system is believed to have evolved by fusion of paired ganglia. As such, the cephalopod “brain” may contain the cerebral, brachial, pedal, palliovisceral and buccal ganglia as well as the optic lobes. In contrast to vertebrates, where the brain develops by neurulation from a neural tube, the mollusk (including cephalopod) ganglia form as individual placodes in the blastoderm of the embryo, which fuse during subsequent development. Only few studies have focused on the early development of the cephalopod nervous system. Herein, I want to re-assess cephalopod gangliogenesis in the emerging model decabrachiate Euprymna scolopes using state-of-the-art micro-CT and traditional histology in combination with digital 3D reconstruction techniques. Nervous system development in Euprymna starts at stage 19, when the ganglionic placodes are formed as thickened places in the blastoderm at the animal pole of the egg. The neuropile, the fiber material inside the ganglia in adult animals, differentiates later, after the ganglia are accumulated in a ring-like structure around the oesophagus (stage 22). The single ganglia melt together to one mass and give rise to a series of lobes, which are parts of motoric and sensory systems inside the brain. Most striking are the lateral optic lobes, which have a characteristic structure in their interior formed by the tree-like extension of the nervous fibers and account for about a third of the total brain volume. Arm and tentacular nerves show the specific structure of a ganglionic series, whereas the peripheral parts (gastral ganglion and stellar ganglia) are formed later and appear approximately at stage 26. Previous neuro-anatomical studies have examined common genera such as Loligo, Sepia or Octopus. The overall formation pattern in coleoids is largely similar among species, although the temporal succession of individual processes such as ganglionic accumulation and lobe differentiation differs. The ganglionic layout is quite common in Loligo, Sepia and Euprymna, whereas Octopus abberates due to a higher concentration of the ganglia. In an early stage, the decabrachiate brain more closely resembles the nautiloid adult brain than the coleoid one. Therefore, investigating brain development in coleoid cephalopods contributes to our knowledge about the ancestral conditions in this group and will answer questions about the development of complex brains.