Abstract (eng)
Based on the premise that Western publications on the Nkrumah controversy have been dominant, the present thesis sets out to examine how the debate as to how to evaluate Kwame Nkrumah's rule and philosophy has been led among Ghanaian intellectuals. The guiding research questions are 1) In what way have Ghanaian academic contributions to the Nkrumah controversy, published between 1970 and 2008, been characterised by change and/or continuity? Can we determine trends, or epochs? 2) Have the authors' politico-economic ideologies, and their professional and societal backgrounds, influenced their views of Nkrumah? Which political ideologies have been most dominant in shaping the Nkrumah controversy? What role have nationalism and Pan-Africanism played in particular? 3) Have political changes in Ghana had an impact on Ghanaian intellectuals' publications on the Nkrumah controversy?
In order to answer these questions, I apply Intellectual History as a methodology, meaning the Ghanaian academic publications under review are comprehensively contextualised and analysed.
In the post-NLC period (c. 1969-1975), liberal authors with a highly negative view of Nkrumah dominated the scene. T. Peter Omari and Albert Adu Boahen wrote their books, which were characterised by the hope for a freer future in a more liberal Ghana, during the rule of a liberal government which they supported. John Kofi Fynn's book, written after this government had already been overthrown, was still characterised by the same agenda. Taking into account the biographies of the authors who contributed to the Nkrumah controversy during the post-NLC period strongly adds to understanding liberal ideology as the driving force behind their biased interpretations of Nkrumah's rule, philosophy, and life. In 1980, Francis K. Buah's antithesis of the liberal view was published. The release of this book, which was intended to be used for teaching Ghanaian history, coincided with an increased demand among a significant part of the Ghanaian population for a more positive re-examination of the Nkrumah years. The rule of the successor party of Nkrumah's CPP from 1979 to 1981 was partly due to this shift in public opinion. Buah worked for this Nkrumah-friendly government as minister of education. Thus, the interconnectedness of the political victory of the Nkrumahists and Buah's career and his positive interpretation of Nkrumah's rule and personality is self-evident. Furthermore, by 1980 the basic ideological conflict between a Western-friendly liberalism and a socialism-oriented Pan-Africanism had unfolded in Ghanaian historians' academic writings on the Nkrumah controversy. This dualism goes back to factional disputes within Ghana's nationalist movement in the 1930s. After more balanced interpretations of Nkrumah's rule had come to the fore in the 1990s, the initiative shifted towards an extreme position again in 2007/08. Coinciding with Ghana's 50-year anniversary, Pan-Africanist authors with a highly positive view of Nkrumah and his legacy published their attempts to fully rehabilitate Nkrumah. Ama Biney's, Boni Yao Gebe's, and Charles Quist-Adade's writings are characterised by deliberate omission and distortion of established facts and do not live up to academic standards. Additionally, Biney and Quist-Adade, who reside outside the African continent, strongly idealise Ghana during Nkrumah's rule. In their attempt to create a non-factional Pan-Africanist past which, as the present thesis demonstrates, did not exist, Biney and Quist-Adade deny fundamental differences between the philosophy of Nkrumah and Marcus Garvey. Generally, even though the liberal works are not presented as flawless or objective in this thesis, I argue that conscious selectivity and distortion is stronger in the pro-Nkrumah writings. Regarding the question about the role of nationalism and Pan-Africanism, it should be noted that in the recent publications of Biney, Gebe, and Quist-Adade, emphasis has strongly shifted from national to Pan-African and global matters. This may be partly due to increased political stability in Ghana since circa 1993.