Abstract (eng)
Cannabinoids are the active compounds of the marijuana plant Cannabis sativa L. For hundreds of years, these plant derived phytocannabinoids have been used for medical indications, in particular for their psychoactive properties, and a number of synthetic cannabinoids with similar activity have been developed in recent years. They exert their function by binding the two cannabinoid receptors, CNR1 and CNR2, as agonist, antagonist or inverse agonist. Of the two receptors, CNR1 is mostly expressed in the nervous while CNR2 mainly is found in the immune system. Clinical applications for cannabinoids are, for instance, the suppression of nausea and vomiting in patients during chemotherapy, or the stimulation of appetite in AIDS patients. In addition, various studies reported that cannabinoids induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis and block angiogenesis in solid tumors. Similar antiproliferative effects were observed in non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma and the most prevalent leukemia of adults in Western countries. The clinical course is heterogeneous, and standard therapeutic regimens consist of chemo- or immuno-chemotherapy. But one third of patients never responds to treatment, progress rapidly and succumbs to the disease. Great progress has been made in the development of therapeutics in recent years. However, in particular for these high risk patients novel therapeutic options are urgently needed. Considering the cytotoxic effects reported for cannabinoids and the need for therapeutic drugs in CLL, we wanted to study the cannabinoid receptors and the effect of their ligands in this malignancy in more detail. A cohort of 102 well characterized patients was screened by real time PCR for CNR1 and CNR2 mRNA expression. Expression was calculated relative to the mean of CD19 sorted healthy cells. Protein expression was analyzed in selected samples. Cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from CLL patients and healthy donors were incubated with cannabinoids in different concentrations and in comparison to fludarabine to establish cytotoxic efficacy. IC50 values were calculated based on standard viability assays. Both cannabinoid receptors were over-expressed in the study cohort. Whereas CNR2 mRNA expression did not correlate with any bad prognostic marker, high CNR1 mRNA expression was associated with advanced Binet stage (p-value0,049), unmutated IGHV (p-value0,006) and high CD38 expression (p-value0,032). Furthermore, CNR1 high expressing patients had a shorter overall survival (p-value0,002) and treatment free survival (p-value0,000). Protein expression levels could not be analyzed, due to the lack of specificity of the commercially available CNR1 and CNR2 antibodies. In a first step, the tumor cell lines MEC-1, MEC-2 (both CLL), JURKAT (T-cell acute leukemia), and A-549 (lung carcinoma) were incubated with R-(+)-Methanandamide,
ACEA, (-)-Cannabidiol, JWH133, AM251, and AM630 at different concentrations. In these cell lines, a time and dose dependent decrease in cell viability could be determined. Differences in sensitivity between cell lines was observed, which were, however, not associated with CNR1 and CNR2 mRNA expression levels. Next, PBMC from CLL patients were incubated with the compounds both in suspension and in a pre-clinical, coculture model using the mouse fibroblast cell line M2-10B4. In suspension, comparing the CLL with the cell lines MEC-1 and MEC-2, the primary cells were similar susceptible to ACAE, less for JWH133 and (-)-Cannabidiol and more affected by the other three compounds. The coculture with the feeder cells exerted a protective effect, except for the incubation with (R)-(+)-Methanandamide and (-)-Cannabidiol. These two compounds had also a toxic effect on the M2-10B4 cells. Similar cytotoxic effects of the tested cannabinoids were observed in healthy donor PBMC except for R-(+)-Methanandamide.
Finally, emphasize was put on the microenvironment, particular the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis, which has been shown to contribute to survival of leukemic cells. Cannabinoids have been implicated in interfering with this chemokine axis in T cells. Therefore the additive effect of cannabinoids with fludarabine was explored and compared to the impact of AMD3100, a CXCR4 targeting compound with experimental usage in therapy. In inhibiting cell viability, cannabinoids were less effective compared to AMD3100 and exerted only a small additive effect when tested in combination with fludarabine. Finally, the effect of cannabinoids on the migration of CLL cells, expressing the CXCR4, toward the CXCL12 ligand was evaluated. In contrast to AMD3100, the cannabinoids did not exert a significant inhibiting effect on the migration of the primary CLL cells towards CXCL12.
Referring to the low impact of cannabinoids on microenvironment in survival and migration and the similar cytotoxic effect on CLL cells and healthy cells, cannabinoids seem to be a poor therapeutic substance in CLL. Although the mRNA expression of CNR2 is not of prognostic value, the CNR1 mRNA expression levels could be established as new prognostic marker.