Abstract (eng)
Since the founding of the People’s Republic, China’s foreign policy had for decades relied on bilateral diplomacy only. Assuming the UN seat in 1971 did not bring it fully into the multilateral arena. Its participation in multilateral diplomacy was rather symbolic than substantial. However, since the middle of the 1980s, China gradually increased its engagement in multilateral diplomacy. Starting from the middle of the 1990s and, particularly, with the beginning of the new millennium China has become fully engaged in multilateral diplomacy, both at global and regional levels. It has participated in multilateral organizations and activities with an increasingly important role. In some fields, and especially in a regional framework, China has shown a tendency of turning to multilateralism. That trend poses several questions: How did it develop? What are the reasons for that change? To what extent has China turned to multilateralism? What are the future prospects?
This PhD-Thesis undertakes to answer these questions starting with a discussion of various concepts of multilateral diplomacy and multilateralism. Acknowledging that the former is general diplomatic practice of states in multilateral fora, the latter is a philosophical concept and a long term strategy of commitments to multilaterally agreed norms which could serve as a basis for the general orientation of foreign politicy of states. The thesis reviews the development of China’s multilateral diplomacy in different phases from 1949 to the turn of the century. Applying “constructivism” of International Relations theory, it undertakes to analyze the reasons for the development of China’s multilateral involvement. While China’s new identity and its position in a globalized world determine its national interest, which in turn guides its foreign policy, the confirmation of its identity and international position results from interaction with other states. The thesis concludes that China’s multilateral engagement is a combination of multilateral diplomacy and multilateralism with various levels of commitments. The latter originated from a regional framework and initially was responsive rather than active. But it developed against the background of changing perceptions of national interest and evolving political concepts. The analysis of various examples of China’s participation in multilateral diplomacy exposes China’s strive for being considered a responsible great power. It also shows that it has gradually accepted the new concept of reduced sovereignty in a globalized world. Yet the sovereignty issue with its implications in all aspects is still a main obstacle which prevents China from turning further to multilateralism. Furthermore, China’s future multilateral involvement including multilateralism as a political concept is closely linked to the development of its relations to other big powers, in particular, to the United States. China’s participation in nuclear disarmament is an important indicator of that development which to a large extent responds to US policies towards China.
The thesis elaborates these problems in four chapters:
Chapter one discusses various concepts of and differences between multilateral diplomacy and multilateralism to establish a basis for analysis in the following chapters.
Chapter two reviews the development of China’s multila-teral diplomacy in different periods of the People’s Republic in order to assess to what extent China has turned to multilateralism and how it evolved.
Chapter three takes the formation and submission of China’s New Security Concept and its participation in nuclear arms control and disarmament as an example to analyze, through a concrete case study, the driving motives and the results of its multilateral diplomatic efforts.
Chapter four assesses the characteristics of China’s multilateralism, its background and its future prospects.