Abstract (eng)
This thesis deals with the ethnic group known as the Transylvanian Saxons, from the medie-val beginnings to its situation in our times. The aim of this work was to look at the past of this group of people, their society and culture, from the perspective of social history. Some of the more important or idiosyncratic aspects of the Saxon history and society were analysed under the premise of a search for causes and effects in the wider framework in which they came into existence.
The original settlement of western settler groups took place during the time of the 12th to 13th Century and it seems that this migration was dominated by colonists from the middle Rhine and Lorraine regions. Although Fleming-Dutch and French-speaking people have been identi-fied among the first colonists, the colony got a German character and through an adjustment process that took place in the new homeland; the German-speaking ethnic group of the Tran-sylvanian Saxons was created. This ethnic group developed specific characteristics that were the result of the cultural traditions which they brought from the West to their new homeland Transylvania, as well as the privileges acquired in the Hungarian kingdom. As a result of the ever changing political landscape of Transylvania, these free settlers’ community, fitted with a strong leaning towards autonomous political structures as well as independent social rules and customs, had to constantly adapt their way of life. From the time of the medieval King-dom of Hungary, to the union with Romania in the 20th century, they tried to survive as a community, to keep alive their ethnic and cultural identity against all odds. They had to face the Mongol invasion, the Ottoman intrusions and the Ottoman-Habsburg wars, as well as other military and political threats for their community and lives. These threats influenced their social behaviour and culture up to modern times. They made them as a group more care-ful and well organised, made them the builders of so many church fortresses in which they survived and even managed to keep their cultural life intact whenever possible. For example with school teaching going on for the Saxon children in the fortress at times, even while they were besieged.
In Part I of this thesis those topics that are limited to the Middle Ages and the early modern period being processed, completed by a description of the ever changing political framework of Transylvania. The author starts with this part by describing the preconditions for the Saxon settlement and continues to the events of our days, with all seemingly important events of the Saxon history being treated in the form of an overview.
Part II continues with social historical studies which concentrate on the specifics that were of direct significance for the modern and even contemporary Transylvanian Saxon society. These chapters will rely upon the historical context described in part I of this thesis, with the emphasis being placed on the special characteristics of the Transylvanian Saxon culture, those peculiar aspects which distinguish them from other historical groups.
Those specifics were to a large degree the result of a relatively extensive political autonomy (in comparison to other Western settlers) of the Saxon communities which lasted for a long period of time. In this context, the author wants to point especially to the topics Saxon agri-culture (chapt. 10), religion and the church (chapt. 11), school (chapt. 12), marriage and start-ing a family (chapt. 13), as well as the Saxon institution neighbourhood and neighbouring commune (chapt. 14) of this paper.
The Saxon cultural practices and social specifics which are described in this work belong today largely to the past and can be best understood in the context of the special historical development of the Saxon society in Transylvania. This is what this diploma thesis tries to demonstrate in detail and on the basis of concrete examples for customs developed out of the regional history of the country.
In their Transylvanian homeland, the Saxons seem to disappear as an entity and to transform into a story of the past. Yet this historical past of the Saxons is still present in their lasting cultural creations and the effects they had on the other ethnic groups of the country. The leg-acy of their social customs however, survives only in those few descendents, which are par-ticularly interested in the old traditions of their ancestors. These descendants of the Saxon people are scattered over many countries, but the majority of those which left the modern state of Romania lives now mostly in the countries of Germany, Austria, the USA and Can-ada.