Abstract (eng)
During the 1920s the Rukwa region was struck by an epidemic of sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis), which is passed on by the tsetse fly. In the name of controlling the spread of both carrier animal and disease the British colonial administration initiated substantial forced resettlements, concentrating the scattered population in six sleeping sickness settlements. These comprehensive measures formed a vantage point for transforming flora and fauna in the northern Rukwa region as they resulted in a huge area that ceased to be permanently inhabited and cultivated. The abandoned settlements were soon taken over by miombo-forests, wildlife and tsetse flies. This vast, supposedly deserted wilderness facilitated the expansion of the Katavi Plain Game Reserve in 1957 as the annexed area, as well as those areas subsequently incorporated in the 1970s and 1990s, had still been inhabited in the 1920s.
The notion of nature conservation was able to gain ground due to the fact that establishing sleeping sickness settlements was the method of choice for controlling the spread of the tsetse fly whereas the decimation of game, serving as host animals for trypanosomes, was rejected. The involvement of a politically highly influential conservation lobby in the colonial establishment was a determining factor, as pushing back game did not play any role in British sleeping sickness control. Furthermore, game was protected by numerous game laws, which regulated the population’s freedom of movement and resource use, reinforced by ordinances for tsetse and sleeping sickness control as well as “modernisation” programmes, which had been developed for the sleeping sickness settlements as of the 1930s. As a result, the spatial separation of the people within the sleeping sickness settlements and the tsetse-infested miombo-forests surrounding the camps was reinforced.
Despite all those ordinances and regulations, people overcame this separation by re-establishing permanent settlements and pursuing temporary activities such as hunting, gathering beeswax or transporting goods in the miombo-forests. The colonial administration was not able to completely control or prevent activities beyond the sleeping sickness settlements and was thus forced to react to infringements of tsetse, sleeping sickness and resource use ordinances by modifying the laws.
Still, the separation of people and their natural environment could largely be maintained with the aid of colonial ordinances and interventions until the region's independence. The notion of the protected area as a supposedly deserted wilderness was solidified in the course of the British colonial rule and became manifest in the expansion of the Katavi Plain Game Reserve in 1957. After independence the Katavi Plain Game Reserve's area was doubled and declared a national park, followed by another expansion in the 1990s.