Abstract (eng)
Mercury (Hg), a ubiquitous heavy metal and well-known neurotoxin, is able to cross the blood-brain barrier as well as the placenta barrier. The main exposure sources of humans are dental amalgam fillings (Hg0) and fish consumption (Methyl-Hg). Fish is an excellent source of minerals, vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA. During pregnancy, these nutrients, especially DHA, are required for regular development of placenta and fetal brain, for fetal growth and sufficient gestational length. However the fetus is very sensitive to the neurotoxin Methyl-Hg. Consequently, it is discussed whether fish consumption during pregnancy is a risk or a benefit to the developing infant.
The aim of this study was to determine Hg exposure in Vienna and Bratislava and to assess the role of fish consumption in prenatal Hg exposure.
Study design: Overall 200 pregnant women from Ruzinov clinic in Bratislava, Slovakia, and Semmelweis Clinic in Vienna, Austria, were recruited. Hg concentrations were measured in the erythrocyte fraction of maternal blood (MatBl-Ery-Hg) and cord blood (CordBl-Ery-Hg) by CV-AFS. Fish consumption was surveyed with a food-frequency questionnaire. The determinants of Hg exposure were evaluated using bivariate statistical analysis as well as categorical regression (CATREG).
Results: The mean MatBl-Ery-Hg level amounts to 1.7±0.8 µg/kg (Bratislava) and 1.9±1.4 µg/kg (Vienna) while the mean CordBl-Ery-Hg level is higher, i.e., 2.3 ± 1 µg/kg (Bratislava) and 2.9 ±1.9 µg/kg (Vienna). CordBl-Ery-Hg concentrations are well correlating with MatBl-Ery-Hg concentrations (r=0.717, P<0.001). The mean weekly fish consumption of pregnant women was 190 ±220 g in a range between 0-1050 g. The fish and sea food consumption habits are significantly related to MatBl-Ery-Hg levels (p<0.01) and CordBl-Ery-Hg (p<0.001). A high education level is associated with elevated fish consumption (p<0.001). In addition the number of dental amalgam fillings contributes to MatBl-Ery-Hg exposure (p<0.01). The newborn anthropometry (birth weight, birth length, head circumference) was neither influenced by Hg exposure nor fish consumption.
Conclusion: The mean Hg exposure of our study participants is not of concern, 98% of Matbl-Ery-Hg and CordBbl-Ery-Hg levels are below the alert level of 5 µg/L( i.e. the HBM1-value of the German Biomonitoring Commission) Fish consumption is essential for a regular development of the fetus. Therefore it is recommended that pregnant women or women of child-bearing age should consume two to three times per week fish species such as carp, trout, anchovies or salmon, which are rich in PUFAs and poor in Methly-Hg. Furthermore the women should avoid consumption of tuna, shark or swordfish, which are highly contaminated in MeHg