Abstract (eng)
Language, as a complex symbol system thought to be especially elaborate in humans, is necessarily built on a physical basis. The strongest and most apparent link exists between language and its biological „hardware“, and one aspect of this is the relationship between the genetic endowment and linguistic abilities. In this thesis, I try to outline the quest to identify individual genes necessary for human language ability and their respective functional contributions. One of the most prominent examples found so far is a gene called FOXP2, mutations in which have been identified as the cause of inherited language disorders. The product of this gene functions as a transcription factor, i.e. a protein regulating – positively or negatively – the expression of a large number of target genes, and changes in its activity can therefore have far reaching consequences.
In the last decade, a plethora of studies were conducted examining the functional role of FOXP2 and trying to shed light on its importance for human language skills. In parallel, speech deficits of affected patients were investigated and linguistic models of the role of this „language gene“ were proposed. The aim of this thesis is to bring both lines of research together and to attempt to evaluate investigations and models on an interdisciplinary basis and taking into account the findings from researchers of diverse backgrounds. Another aspect of FOXP2's status as a “language gene” is its presence in other species. Here, especially research on songbirds suggests an interesting, evolutionarily conserved function of FOXP2 as a prerequisite for vocal communication, with apparent species-specific differences.
The third part of this thesis is centered around the question, how biological evidence can be reconciled with linguistic theory, or in what respect it even corroborates the models. Especially in the debate about the innateness of human language abilities, introduced into linguistics with the rise of cognitivism, research on genes like FOXP2 could contribute to a better understanding and provide biologically substantiated linguistic arguments.