Abstract (eng)
For a long time nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were thought to be restricted to four different bacterial phyla. However, after isolation of a cold-adapted NOB, ‘Candidatus Nitrotoga arctica’ (Betaproteobacteria), in the Siberian permafrost and Nitrolancetus hollandicus (Chloroflexi) in a laboratory-scale bioreactor, it was realized that NOB are more diverse than expected. Since the knowledge about these organisms is limited, this study was focused on the investigation of these newly detected NOB. Interestingly, Nitrotoga-like bacteria were isolated from numerous activated sludge samples as well as lake and river sediments located in temperate climatic regions, which suggests wide-spread presence of Nitrotoga in the environment. The presence of this organism in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) raised the question about their abundance, function and co-localization pattern in such systems, since WWTPs are of fundamental importance for removal of sewage produced by humans. Furthermore, the knowledge about the interaction between communities, involved in removal of pollutants, is important to avoid a breakdown of these systems. Therefore, the abundance and spatial distribution pattern of Nitrotoga-like bacteria was analyzed in activated sludge samples from three WWTPs (Deuz, Langenzenn and, Bad Zwischenahn). Quantification revealed only low abundance (<1%) in activated sludge from WWTPs Deuz and Langenzenn but higher abundance (1.4%) in activated sludge from WWTP Bad Zwischenahn. In WWTP Deuz Nitrotoga co-occurs with a second nitrite oxidizing population (Nitrospira). FISH and digital image analysis of both groups unveiled a co-localization with ammonium oxidizing populations. Interestingly, these analyses revealed additionally a different distribution pattern for both NOB, suggesting a niche differentiation of these populations. In activated sludge from Bad Zwischenahn and Langenzenn, Nitrotoga is the only known nitrite oxidizing organism. The spatial distribution pattern of Nitrotoga in activated sludge from Bad Zwischenahn revealed a co-localization between Nitrotoga-like bacteria and ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Interestingly, the same analysis revealed displacement of Nitrotoga-like bacteria in activated sludge from WWTP Langenzenn, which might indicate the presents of an unknown NOB or AOB. Furthermore, Nitrotoga-like bacteria might exhibit a different lifestyle, which makes a co-localization with AOB not necessary. Since a nitrite oxidizing activity of Nitrotoga was so far only investigated by measuring the stoichiometrically oxidation of nitrite to nitrate during incubation of enrichments, MAR-FISH analyses were performed to link the nitrite oxidizing activity to the phylogenetic identity of the nitrite oxidizing organisms. Interestingly, the nitrite oxidizing activity was not only shown at expected but also at high temperature (27°C) and nitrite concentrations (5 mM, 10 mM). However, Nitrotoga-like bacteria were only detected in such WWTPs, which are operated at low temperature (10-17°C) and NO2- concentrations (0.3 mM). Therefore, it might be suggested that Nitrotoga is able to survive higher temperature and nitrite concentration only for short incubation times but is outcompeted by other NOB during long incubation periods. Interestingly, 16S rRNA based in-depth phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of a diversity within the genus Nitrotoga. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene sequences showed a very high similarity (98-99%) to each other, suggesting that Nitrotoga represents a very young genus. The results of this study suggests, that Nitrotoga-like bacteria found an ecological niche in natural and engineered habitats and might even be an important nitrite oxidizer in such WWTPs that provide optimal temperature and nitrite concentrations.
Nitrolancetus hollandicus is a thermotolerant (optimum at 40°C) NOB, which shows tolerance to high nitrite and ammonia concentrations. This organism has been detected in a laboratory-scale bioreactor, which was operated at 35°C with a high ammonia load of up to 428 mM. Additionally, a close relative of this organism has been detected in a SHARON reactor in Korea. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis revealed the affiliation of Nitrolancetus to the class Thermomicrobia within the phylum Chloroflexi, in which this organism represents the first NOB. Interestingly, Nitrolancetus hollandicus was not detected in activated sludge originated from a full-scale nitritation bioreactor (SHARON process) operating in WWTP Rotterdam Dokhaven, which was used as inoculum for the laboratory-scale bioreactor. Therefore, for identification of natural habitats, various samples from engineered and natural habitats, which might provide optimal conditions, were screened by using different methods. However, only rare positive FISH signals in one wastewater treatment plant and a short 16S rRNA gene sequence submitted to NCBI Database by a Japanese team could be detected, suggesting a rare occurrence of this organism in the environment. Sequencing of the genomic DNA of Nitrolancetus hollandicus with high throughput techniques revealed the presence of four highly identically (90.3%-95.8%) nxrA genes. Since all nxrA gene sequences were incomplete one set of primer (Nlho_nxrA0038F/Nlho_nxrA3595R) was designed that targets all nxrA copies. Cloning and sequencing of these nxrA genes indicated a phylogenetic relationship to NXR of Nitrobacter spp. and Nitrococcus mobilis within the family of DMSO reductase type II enzymes. Interestingly, the NXR of these organisms is related to an NXR-like enzyme, detected in the anaerobic, nitrite dependent methane oxidizer ‘Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera’, suggesting that horizontal gene transfer established the NXR in ancestors of these bacteria. Furthermore, one nxrA gene copy was suggested to be located within the nxr operon which was confirmed via PCR.