Abstract (eng)
A corpus-based study of four-letter words:
Investigating the form and function of foul language in American English
Swearing in contemporary English often involves the use of four-letter words related to culturally taboo themes such as religion, sex organs, sexual activities, and scatology. Until the recent development of language corpora, research on four-letter words was typically restricted to broader investigations of swearing from various approaches, including sociolinguistic (cf. Andersson & Trudgill 1990), historical (cf. Hughes 1991, 2006), psycholinguistic (cf. Jay 1992, 2000), neurolinguistic (cf. VanLancker & Cummings 1999), and lexicographic (cf. Sheidlower 1995). While corpus-based studies of swearing published within the past decade present useful insights into the various functions of four-letter words in modern British English (cf. McEnery 2004, 2006, 2009; Ljung 2009), there remains a lack of comparable research on swearing and four-letter words in American English. This paper aims to bridge a gap in corpus-based research on taboo four-letter words in American English. Accordingly, this study investigates the form and function of cunt, fuck, and shit in American English from 1900 to 2012 based on 1172 occurrences in the Corpus of Historical American English and 97 occurrences in the Corpus of Contemporary American English. In addition to examining the morphological variation and frequency of cunt, fuck, and shit, this study also adopts a typology of swearing introduced by Ljung (2011) that serves to distinguish two main swearing functions of four-letter words as either stand-alones or slot fillers. From a corpus-based approach, such formal and functional analyses prove essential to tracing the development of taboo four-letter words in American English.