Abstract (eng)
Serum levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA) serve as the current mainstay in early prostate cancer (PCa) detection. However, due to the unspecificity of PSA, additional diagnostic measures are needed, urging the development of better markers. Recent studies indicate that urine samples, which contain prostate specific proteins and nucleic acids, are a potential biomarker reservoir. The aim of this study was to detect and analyze urinary RNA markers that may provide a novel non-invasive way for PCa diagnosis.
Urine samples collected after routine digital rectal examination were obtained from 30 benign patients (BE: elevated serum PSA, tumor-negative prostate biopsy), 20 low grade PCa patients (LG: positive biopsy, Gleason score ≤7 in radical prostatectomy specimen); 10 high grade PCa patients (HG: positive biopsy, Gleason score ≥7 in radical prostatectomy specimen). Total RNA was isolated from exosomes prepared by ultrafiltration of cleared urine samples using the tri-reagent. RNA was reverse-transcribed to cDNA and subsequently pre-amplified using a pool of 33 primer pairs. Finally, quantitative real time PCR was performed for a panel of known and novel candidate PCa mRNA markers, micro-RNAs, and transcript variants. Statistical significance was determined via One-Way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U-test and corrected by multiple testing.
A panel of five genes (RHOA, HPRT1, TBP, PA2G4 and ACTB) was tested for their usability as housekeeping genes (HKGs). From those only RHOA showed typically consistent expression in benign and cancer groups and therefore has been taken for normalization of the expression of other genes. The data analysis of 30 genes showed quantitative differences in expression. Prostate specific transcripts (PSA, KLK2, PCA3) were detected in 94 % of benign samples and in 100% of the cancer samples. More than 15 genes were identified to be differentially expressed in a significant way between subgroups. TFF3, PCA3, ACTB, PA2G4, PSA, KLK2, VDAC1 have been identified as the best discriminatory RNA marker candidates in urinary exosomes.
Our pilot study for the measurement of PCa RNA markers in urine derived exosomes supports the idea that urine exosomes may be a future sample source for PCa diagnosis, which needs further optimization of the analysis.