Abstract (eng)
This diploma-thesis is set out as an explorative case study, tracing the contours of a political ecology of waste in urban India through a focus on waste-related environmental conflicts and entangled ‘waste-society relations’ on a downscaled level of Bangalore’s urban political ecology and socio-metabolic systems. Situated in the field of urban political ecology and framed by a perspective on environmental conflicts, the introduced theoretical approach combines a waste-specific adaptation of the concept of societal relations with nature with notions of social metabolism in order to conceptualize waste as material – its circulation, distribution, transformation, (re)valorization and disposal –, and its function in capitalist societies. As a showcase for a ‘hybrid entity’ of urban socio-nature, waste is offering a suitable perspective for the analysis of historically specific contours of societal relations with nature in urban India, the power relations inscribed therein, and the resulting socio-ecological urban environments. Accordingly, this diploma thesis aims to document and analyze the origins, patterns and dynamics of conflicts around the ‘garbage crisis’ unfolding in Bangalore between July and November 2012. Designed as a circular research process, the empirical research was characterized by the triangulation of qualitative methods and gave rise to the analysis of the generated data through a combination of grounded theory coding with qualitative content analysis.
Subsequently, this diploma thesis analyzes how the changing flows and the altered materiality of waste – itself caused by profound changes of India’s political economy – gave rise to different and at parts contradictory modes of ‘societal handling of waste’, which again caused ecological distribution conflicts in relation with waste’s material agency, framed either negatively or positively. The simultaneous negation of waste’s materiality and privatization of public responsibility for waste by public authorities in Bangalore resulted in distinct forms of disposability in the public handling of the city’s waste and corresponded with the contamination of marginalized communities’ environmental health. Yet, this imperative of disposability was also met by an enormous informalized workforce trying to survive in urban space by addressing the negated materiality of waste as resource and recycling material, and a vibrant scene of waste-related civil-society organizations, which has been crucial for the ‘garbage crisis’ to really unfold its political scope and dimension in 2012 – thereby posing questions such as: which ‘generators’, which recycling-agents, which marginalized communities and which waste materials are left behind, excluded, contaminated or displaced on the way to a ‘modernized’ waste management system?