Abstract (eng)
This thesis presents a concise history of the global distribution and cultural background of the fallow deer. Since the age of antiquity (at the latest), the fallow deer has been kept by humans in a semi-domesticated state and was spread in Europe due to its association with various religious cults of Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans. After the Romans left Britain, the fallow deer went extinct on the island, but was reintroduced by the Normans in the 11th century. French hunting terms as well as new hunting techniques were also part of this “cultural package” of the Normans. Captive breeding of the fallow deer was probably imported by the Normans from their recently conquered holdings in Sicily. Due to the increase of the population in Britain during the 12th and 13th centuries, which caused enormous pressure on settlement areas and game species, the concept of enclosures became increasingly popular. In the late Middle Ages the captive breeding of fallow deer spread from Britain via the royal family of Denmark to many countries of Europe. In the 19th century the distribution reached a new dimension. As part of the extensive colonisation of the holdings overseas, the fallow deer was settled on islands of the Carribbean, South Africa and the colonies of Oceania. In New Zealand the import of game species was also expedited by aristocratic landowners and their acclimatisation societies. Paradoxically the exotic object of aristocratic luxury mutated in New Zealand into an increasing vermin of forestry, outranked in number and importance only by the European red deer. This enormous propagation of red and fallow deer reached its sad climax during the mid-20th century, when “helicopter hunting” was necessary to cope with the deer, leading to a change in the public perception of fallow deer. Today countries like Australia and New Zealand are trying to find an environmentally sustainable way to deal with the invasive species of their colonial times, which includes sport hunting as well as the promotion of commercial breeding of game species in enclosures.