Abstract (eng)
Whether repetitive regions of the human genome have a function is a very intriguing question. At least 50 % of the human genome is repetitive and following the ENCODE consortium report, up to 60-70 % of the genome is transcribed. As a consequence, the human transcriptome contains a significant fraction of repeat-derived transcripts. Human α satellites consist of 171 bp monomers arranged tandemly in a head-to-tail manner, organized into arrays of higher order repeats spanning hundreds of kilobases to megabases. They predominantly localize near centromeres on every human chromosome, where they assure proper chromosome segregation as a site for the spindle attachment.
Here, we demonstrate that α satellite arrays are transcribed from both DNA strands into long non-coding αsatRNAs (more than 8 kb). Their expression is more pronounced under cellular stress conditions and peak during the S phase of the cell cycle. We observe that the transcription rate of αsatRNAs might be down-regulated to the typical levels only one hour after stress release. Transcription of α satellites is sensitive to α amanitin treatment, indicating that they are RNA polymerase II transcripts. Examination of the 5’ termini of αsatRNAs reveals that they possess a cap structure. However, unlike most RNA polymerase II transcripts, they are not polyadenylated and are retained in the nucleus. In order to grasp a putative αsatRNAs function, we searched for a protein interacting partner. In genomic SELEX using RNA polymerase II as bait, we had isolated several aptamers derived from α satellite repeats, suggesting that αsatRNAs interact with RNA polymerase II. Moreover, we found that αsatRNAs bind RNA polymerase II in the active site, serving as substrates for its activities. Using HeLa cells nucleofection with chimeric templates combining α satellite aptamer with an artificial 15-mer, we show that the α satellite RNA is a substrate for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity in vivo. In addition, we detected 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-benzimidazole (DRB)-sensitive 3’ extension of the αsatRNAs in vitro. Both activities are held by RNA polymerase II. As yet, we do not provide evidence that the products of these reactions are functional. However, we envision that the αsatRNAs-RNA polymerase II interaction may control the transcriptional rate of functional centromeres. Upon studying the phylogeny and analyzing the secondary structure of α satellites and alphoid sequence from other primates, we realized that αsatRNAs not only fold into the hairpin-hinge-hairpin structure, similarly to snoRNAs, but also contain H/ACA boxes. Therefore, we propose that αsatRNAs are likely descendents of snoRNA mobilized by transposable elements.