Abstract (eng)
Quantum entanglement describes the phenomenon where two or more systems show correlations that are stronger than classically explainable, even if they are separated in space. It can be considered as one of the characteristic features of quantum physics and is seen as an important building block for future quantum technologies. In photonic experiments, the transverse spatial degree of freedom offers great potential to explore various interesting features of light. Therefore, to further investigate the nature of quantum entanglement, photonic entanglement of transverse spatial structures has been in the focus of this thesis.
One interesting property due the spatial mode structure of photons is their orbital angular momentum. Surprisingly, there is no theoretical upper limit of how many quanta of orbital angular momentum a single photon can carry. Hence, it appears to be a candidate for testing photonic entanglement of macroscopic values and might contribute to the discussion of macroscopicity and a possible breakdown of quantum mechanics beyond a certain limit. In addition, an increase of the complexity of the spatial mode structures is often accompanied by unexpected properties, like self-healing or free-acceleration. Thus, an investigation of entanglement of complex structures promises the possibility to discover unseen features of entangled photon pairs.
In this present thesis, we developed methods to generate, investigate, and verify the entanglement of complex spatial structures. Three experiments were performed that highlight the versatility of the introduced schemes for future quantum experiments investigating the spatial degree of freedom of light.
First, we established a novel flexible way to generate spatial-mode entanglement. The scheme enabled the entanglement of two photons with 300 quanta of orbital angular momentum. The results exceed earlier experiments by two orders of magnitude and agree perfectly with quantum mechanical predictions. Our findings represent entanglement of the highest quantum number confirmed in an experiment so far (to my best knowledge) and open a promising route to generate entanglement with even higher quanta. In addition, we have demonstrated that entangled photons with high quanta of angular momentum are beneficial in remote angular sensing applications.
In a second experiment, we introduced a flexible scheme to efficiently observe the spatial mode of the entangled photons with high resolution. With the help of an intensified CCD camera, we imaged the transverse structure of an entangled photon depended on the measurement of its partner photon. The resulting coincidence images have been used to verify the presence of entanglement and to visualize its effect, even in real-time.
In a last experiment, we increased the complexity of the entangled state further by generating a state with transverse spatially varying polarization. Taking advantage of the very high overall-efficiency of the whole setup, it was possible to entangle and investigate so-called vector photons (photons where the polarization vector varies depending on the transverse spatial position) in unseen detail. Thereby, we were able to experimentally visualize the different strength of three popular entanglement criteria. Moreover, we demonstrated a novel, surprising property of entangled vector photons: vector photons can be both entangled and not entangled in polarization depending on their transverse spatial position.