Abstract (eng)
Impaired iron homeostasis can lead to several serious diseases. For example, anemia of end-stage renal disease is due to decreased iron levels, whereas in hemochromatosis there is extensive body iron burden. However, besides general iron overload, there exists also organelle specific iron overload, such as the mitochondrial iron load in Friedreich´s ataxia or tissue specific iron overload, like the brain in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA).
This thesis focused on three different pathologies with impaired iron homeostasis:
Iron deficiency in chronic kidney disease patients with special emphasis on treatment with intravenous iron formulas
Mitochondrial iron overload in Friedreich´s ataxia
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA)
Iron sucrose is one of several intravenous (i.v.) iron formulas available for clinical use to treat anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This preparation is well studied, safe and effective when given intravenously and is known as the originator product.
Recently new generic iron sucrose preparations have entered the market and several studies have raised concerns as to bioavailability and biostability equivalence because iron sucrose represents the originator nanoparticle iron medicinal product. Producers of the originator drug and the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) raised concerns about equivalence of the new generic products compared to the originator product, resulting in the generation of new guidelines for approval of biosimilars (ie. generic biotechnology products).
In the first part of this project we investigated bioavailability and biostability of iron sucrose originator compared to its generic product and performed non-clinical pharmacological and toxicological studies as proposed in a reflection paper by the European Medicines Agency. The results of this extensive analytical characterization demonstrated that the generic sucrose product is similar to the originator product.
Other intravenous iron formulas such as ferric carboxymaltose, a new parenteral iron preparation, have been approved for more rapid administration of large i.v. iron doses, which may be more favourable and time- and cost-saving for the patients, since the frequency of physician visits is decreased.
Concerning ferric carboxymaltose, limited data are available describing its cellular metabolism and its toxicity. Therefore, in this part of the project we characterized complex stability, toxicity and bioavailability of iron carboxymaltose in comparison to iron sucrose. The expected results will improve our understanding about metabolism and therapeutic profile of this parenteral iron preparation.
The second part of the project focused on the inherited disease Friedreich´s ataxia. Patients display decreased expression of the FXN gene which results in low synthesis of the mitochondrial protein frataxin and show signs of biochemical impairment in iron metabolism due to mitochondrial iron load. Currently, no treatment exists for the disease, only symptomatic therapy is available. However, it was shown that decreased frataxin levels correlate with the severity of the disease. The antioxidant resveratrol was proposed to modify frataxin levels in animal studies, therefore, a clinical study was performed to evoke a new possible treatment. In this thesis an improved method for a more accurate and cost saving way to measure frataxin protein in patient lymphocytes was established.
In the last part of my thesis I focused on neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). In an earlier clinical study it was shown that the iron chelator Deferiprone has the ability to cross the blood brain barrier and has the ability to lower brain iron levels. Therefore, in a clinical pilot study a patient with PLA2G6 associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) was treated with Deferiprone to lower brain iron content. Multiplex multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) proteomics was used to assess the patient’s systemic state of iron trafficking, oxidative and inflammatory stress prior to and during Deferiprone treatment.