Abstract (eng)
Abstract
The green alga Spirogyra (Streptophyta, Zygnemataceae) is easily recognizable based on its vegetative morphology, which is characterized by unbranched filaments and cells that have one to several coiled chloroplasts (Kadlubowska 1984; Kolkwitz & Krieger 1941; McCourt et al. 1986; Randhawa 1959a; Transeau 1951). This simple structure falsely points to a low genetic diversity: Spirogyra is commonly excluded from phylogenetic analyses; also because the genus is known as a long-branch taxon caused by a high evolutionary rate. It is excluded from many ecological analyses because of difficulties in species determination, although its ecological niche covers a wide range from fresh to slightly brackish water bodies (Hoshaw & McCourt 1988; Rieth 1983; Simons & Van Beem 1990) and from dystrophic mountain lakes and bogs to highly eutrophicated systems (Hainz et al. 2009). Traditional species determination is problematic, because it requires the complete reproductive (conjugation) cycle including zygospores (hypnozygotes) (Kadlubowska 1984; Kolkwitz & Krieger 1941; McCourt et al. 1986; Randhawa 1959a; Transeau 1951) is necessary.
Studies elucidating genetic diversity are rare, whereas studies on the position of Spirogyra among the other Zygnematophyceaen genera often suffer from limited taxon sampling; the relation to these genera is much discussed but unclear – especially the relation to the genus Sirogonium. To resolve these questions and get a better impression of the genetic diversity of the genus Spirogyra, we conducted the following studies.
Algal samples used for the following studies were collected at 133 sites from March 2006 to October 2007 (Hainz et al. 2009) and cultivated. A selected subsample/part of them was extracted and analyzed as described in the manuscripts.
Phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences of 130 Spirogyra strains revealed that these strains are subdivided into eight clades. In the first part of our studies, we discovered that approximately 60% of the assessed strains (clades A–D) contain a 1506 group I intron, whereas strains without introns form individual clades that cluster together in a long branch (E–H). The Spirogyra intron belongs to the IC group I introns and shares the common insertion site of the Zygnematalean intron and many common features (the typical domain structure (P1–P9), the base composition, the highly conserved regions, the GU pair preceding the 5’ splice site and the G preceding the 3’ splice site). It exhibits features of early desmids (optional P2 domain) as well as of later diverging desmids (variation of the typical L5b–GAAA tetraloop). Phylogenetic analyses of the Spirogyra group I intron showed the monophyletic origin of the genus within the Zygnematophyceae; analyses also showed a higher mutation rate in the SSU rRNA than in the intron. Therefore, we assume the secondary loss of the intron in clades E–H is caused by the high evolutionary rate of Spirogyra and its long evolutionary history.
The second part focused on the genetic diversity within Spirogyra and its phylogenetic relation to other Zygnematophyceaen taxa. The 130 Spirogyra SSU rDNA sequences used for phylogenetic analyses were tested using complex evolutionary models (posterior probability, maximum likelihood, neighbor joining and maximum parsimony methods). We found that the eight resulting clades formed by Spirogyra include the genus Sirogonium, but the phylogenetic relationship to the genus Spirotaenia was not resolved satisfactorily. Even though sequence comparisons revealed 53 individual clones, our results still support monophyly of the genus. Our data set did not contain a single slow-evolving taxon that would have been assigned to a shorter branch compared to the remaining sequences. The genetic distance within the genus Spirogyra exceeds the distances measured within any other genus of the remaining Zygnemataceae included in this study. A large number of non-homoplasious synapomorphies (NHS; 114 NHS in total) was found for Spirogyra (41 NHS) and for each clade (totaling 73 NHS). This emphasizes the high genetic diversity of this genus and the distance to the remaining Zygnematophyceae.
In a third step, we addressed the issue of species definition and number in the genus Spirogyra. We included ITS2 secondary structure information as well as ITS2 barcode. The traditional species concept of the filamentous alga Spirogyra is based on morphological traits and does not reflect phylogenetic relationships. The ITS2 barcode was used to estimate the species number of our data set; sequences that differed by at least one compensatory base change were considered putative different species. Out of 120 sequences, 68 were found only once and 23 were found more than once; 51 putative species were separated by ITS2 barcoding. The ITS2 secondary structure was analyzed, but no consensus structure could be found due to the big variation in primary and secondary sequences. The overall structure shows the typical features of ITS2 secondary structure. The typically conserved region at the 5’ end of helix III is less conserved in this genus, but still recognizable. Some strains exhibit a helix IV, some an extra arm in helix III. The correlation of vegetative morphology, clade grouping and information on clone grouping was analyzed statistically to find patterns. Correlations were found, but were too weak to support projections which morphology would belong to a certain clade and vice-versa. Also within single clones, some variation in morphology was found.
Our studies tried to shed light on a phylogenetically neglected genus with great genetic diversity that has been underestimated to this day. Our data set included samples from a large variety of water bodies and many different vegetative morphotypes. We proved that vegetative morphology is a poor indicator for genetic diversity. Our studies confirmed the exceptional position of the genus Spirogyra among the Zygnematophyceaen taxa and the inclusion of the genus Sirogonium. Our findings indicate that a high evolutionary rate, a different pattern in base substitution and recent radiation might be the reasons for the long-branch status of Spirogyra, despite it being an early diverging genus within the Zygnematophytes.
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