Abstract (eng)
This paper aims to compare the religious phenomenon of shamanism as it exists in Korea and Japan. To accomplish this, different key points of shamanism will be contrasted, searching for similarities and their possible common origin. Since the term “shamanism” itself has been subject of various interpretations, the first chapter introduces certain important authors on the subject and defines shamans as magico-religious persons, who specialize in the interaction with supernatural beings by using techniques of trance, ecstasy and spirit possession in order to help and support their community.
The main part of the thesis focuses on the occurrences of shamanism in Korea and Japan, as its appearance differs between the two countries. In Korea, shamanism is practiced largely within the confines of a belief complex known as musok, mugyo, or mu. In Japan shamanistic elements are found integrated in both Shintō and Buddhism. The paper details three main points of comparison. The first is the existence of shamanism in the respective country’s mythology. After taking a look at various myths and stories, it can be seen that both countries’ origin myths contain shamanistic elements.
The second main point of comparison details the predominance of women and the third the types of rituals conducted. Both countries’ types of shamanism are mostly practiced by women. Two possible reasons for this gender distribution that are presented are historical, as some believe shamanism to originate from an archaic matriarchy, and societal, where it is seen as a way for women to stand up to and empower themselves in male dominated societies. The rituals performed by shamans for their clients in Korea and Japan are very similar in their purpose, consisting largely of interaction with deceased relatives, fortune telling, exorcism and healing.
Overall the comparison suggests that both types of shamanism share common elements and similarities that might be traced back to Siberian shamanism. However, due to historical and cultural developments of the respective countries both types of shamanism have evolved differently over time.