Abstract (eng)
Atmospheric rotors are among the most vigorous phenomena related to the airflow over mountains. Rotors are traditionally described as turbulent low-level circulations, forming downwind of a mountain range in association with large-amplitude mountain waves. Today, the physical mechanisms of rotor formation are relatively well understood, owing to several observational programmes devoted to their study and high-resolution numerical simulations. The traditional, time-averaged description of the rotor circulation is, however, overly simplistic. It disregards the possibility of time-varying meteorological conditions upwind of the mountain range and the dynamic and thermal characteristics of the downwind environment. Also, quantitative measurements of turbulence intensity and its temporal evolution in the rotor interior are quite rare.
The objectives of this work are, first, to develop an observational technique allowing a quantitative estimation of the spatial distribution and intensity of rotor turbulence, and second, to elucidate the origin of unsteadiness of the rotor flow and to understand better its spatial structure in complex topography. To this end, observations of mountain waves and rotors are analysed and reproduced with real-case numerical simulations. The observational data was collected during two field campaigns that were carried out in 2006, one over the Medicine Bow Mountains in southeastern Wyoming, the other over the southern Sierra Nevada and Owens Valley in California.
Airborne in situ and Doppler radar measurements made over the Medicine Bow Mountains provide insight into the turbulent rotor flow in unprecedented detail. A method to derive turbulence intensity from the radar data is devised and it is shown that quantitative estimates of low-level turbulence can be obtained within reasonably small uncertainty bounds. The results of this analysis offer a quasi-instantaneous, two-dimensional depiction of turbulence intensity in the rotor interior.
Numerical simulations of two cases of rotor formation in the lee of the Medicine Bow Mountains reveal that the observed rapid evolution of rotors is caused by the transient breaking of large-amplitude hydrostatic mountain waves. The onset and cessation of wave breaking are tightly linked to the passage of short-wave synoptic disturbances, modulating the vertical profiles of wind and stability upwind of the obstacle and causing a change in lee-side flow regimes.
In order to broaden our understanding of atmospheric rotors in different topographic environments, several cases of enhanced mountain-wave activity and associated low-level turbulence over the Sierra Nevada and in Owens Valley are examined. Their analysis sheds new light on the complex interactions between cross-mountain and along-valley flows and points to substantial modifications of the rotor flow by atmospheric processes in the valley. Four typical scenarios of turbulence generation are distilled from the observations, representing extensions to the traditional rotor concept that are appropriate for a deep elongated valley.
This work contributes to a more realistic description of the rotor flow by the new airborne observation approach and the design of refined conceptual models. It also points to the big challenges in the accurate forecasting of mountain-wave-induced low-level turbulence, which is of great relevance for aircraft navigating over mountainous terrain.