Abstract (eng)
Increased metal deposition by human activities is a worldwide problem, since these metals can permanently pollute otherwise fertile soils. On one hand, many metals are essential nutrients for life but on the other hand, toxic in excess concentrations. Other metals are non-essential and always toxic. Metals occur naturally in soils and other substrates in varying amounts; consequently plants developed metal uptake and homeostasis mechanisms. Nonetheless, metal rich sites such as spoil heaps are populated only by a few specialized plant species that are able to tolerate toxic condition of the soil. Those loosely covered sites allow less competitive bryophytes to thrive in this highly specific niches which led to the general assumption that mosses are generally metal tolerant. However, mine spoil heaps are subject to increased erosion and may leak heavy metals into ground and surface waters, thereby threatening people and environment. As a consequence, studies on plant tolerance and suitability of plants for biomonitoring and phytoremediation are gaining importance.
Plants on such metal sites are exposed to many different stress factors in addition to metal stress complicating statements on the respective effects. In this PhD thesis, the moss model Physcomitrella patens (Funariaceae) was grown under controlled environmental conditions. We studied cells of filamentous protonemata and leafy gametophores to investigate the effects of three important metals: copper, zinc and cadmium. Since metal cations never occur without corresponding anions, the contribution of three different anions, i.e. chloride, sulfates, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), were considered as well.
Metal tolerance evaluated by cytoplasmic tests for P. patens showed decreasing toxicity in the order “cadmium > copper > zinc”. Furthermore, toxicity decreased in the order “chloride = sulfate > EDTA”. Modelling metal speciation with Visual MINTEQ revealed that free metal ions were the most important single factor for metal toxicity. Despite their high water solubility, EDTA-chelates showed the lowest free metal ion concentrations (for Cu2+ and Zn2+) and therefore the lowest toxicity.
Metal uptake in P. patens protonemata and gametophores was analyzed by X-ray microanalysis in a scanning electron microscope. Again, we observed differences in the uptake of copper and zinc and a strong influence of the anion. Free metal concentration clearly influenced metal uptake as well, though in high metal-EDTA concentrations uptake rates were higher than predicted by the estimated free metal ion concentration of the model.
Our investigations showed that growth of leafy gametophores was affected stronger by lower metal concentrations than the growth of the filamentous protonemata allowing for the development of a ratio model of gametophore to protonema (G : P). Once more, the amount of free metal cations explained growth inhibition better than total metal concentration. The stress level of the cells was visualized by fluorescent staining of stress induced reactive oxygen species. In metal treated cells, we observed increased levels of H2O2 providing a more detailed insight than the tolerance tests.
In conclusion, tolerance tests of P. patens revealed neither special sensitivity nor high tolerance towards the tested metals per se but tolerance was strongly anion dependent. Free metal ion concentrations provided superior explanations on the effects of heavy metals on all levels, from the metal uptake of single cells to changes in growth patterns in tissues and whole plants.