Abstract (eng)
The aim of my dissertation is to explore the negotiation and implementation of identification practices at the end of the 19th century. I focus on the situation in Vienna and place it in a European and global context and therefore examine the implementation of the identification techniques photography, anthropometry, and dactyloscopy (fingerprinting) in the years 1870–1914. The expansion of police and security agencies in the second half of the 19th century led not only to new forms of individual identification but also to new institutions specialized in the recognition of delinquents. Those registration offices (»Erkennungsdienste«) were important parts in the formation of criminal police in the European metropolises like Vienna, Berlin, London or Paris. Furthermore the criminal police established specific identification practices which spread within a short time in the early 20th century, especially in Europe, North and South America. A new epistemic culture evolves with the formation of modern biometry, like fingerprinting. Due to their policing origins biometric identification techniques imply a promise of security and therefore are until today powerful tools. My main interest focuses on the question of how biometry was invented as an archiving strategy for classifying and retrieving information. Therefore I studied the practices of collecting, classifying, and archiving information on a local level at the Viennese police department in the context of international networks of security agencies. Expectations and failures are important parts in the development of identification strategies, which can only be investigated as a dynamic process. A crucial aspect of the biometric archiving strategy was the treatment of bodies as an index for the new registries, which allowed a seemingly objectifiable relation between body and filed information. My dissertation shows that with the invention of biometry there can be noticed a change in dealing with information as the biometric registries are in several ways preforms of modern databases.
Biometric databases are in a way administrative attempts of restoring and preserving social order in the context of nationalism and mobility. Therefore the field of biometric identification techniques is a worthwhile laboratory where one can study the co-production of technology and society. In a historical perspective I show how social ideas and imaginations of security and technology are part of data collections and their practices. By that, this research seeks to contribute to an ongoing debate that includes privacy issues, individual and collective identities, public and private surveillance.