Abstract (eng)
This study examines which market entry mode is most efficient considering the case of a hypothetical German consulting firm entering the Japanese market. Japan is a very interesting market for its high price level and its need for foreign investments to revive its stagnating economy. Germany, on the other hand, is a strong economy and a worldwide investor. Until the beginning of the 2000s, Germany was one of Europe´s main investors to Japan, yet during the past twelve years Germany´s investments stagnated. Nonetheless, the Japanese market yields substantial benefits especially in the service sector, as it is the fastest growing with high price standards. Therefore, this thesis considers the case of a consulting firm which belongs to the third sector, and concurrently, can help future German entrants from other industries to be successful in Japan. To find the most efficient market entry mode, the study, on the one hand, examines formal characteristics such as the institutional distance and the legal environment of Japan to clarify limitations on ownership and highlights which actors of the Japanese institution need most consideration. On the other hand, the study evaluates informal characteristics such as culture and views on trust to calculate how well interpersonal relationships between home and host country staff will develop. After deriving twenty theoretical propositions about the interaction between market entry and institution, culture, and trust, the study tests these proposition on the basis of a market entry from Germany to Japan. The analysis of the institutional environment of Japan and Germany yields a greenfield investment to be most beneficial. Almost no restrictions on ownership and the similarity of their institutional set-ups allow for a high control entry mode. The analysis of cultural distance and the great difference in the perception of trust also render a wholly owned subsidiary most beneficial. The cultural dimensions of Japan and Germany are very different, which complicates communication and the development of trust. Thus in a joint venture, employees of two culturally diverse backgrounds have to interact, trust, and exchange sensible information, although they are used to different business cultures as well as communication styles. A wholly owned subsidiary in contrast, and in particular a greenfield investment, allows for the company to hire local staff which fits the corporate culture. This ensures an unobstructed flow of information and avoids conflicts caused by a lack of trust between two business partners. Nonetheless, the results of the analysis caution to apply particular attention to overcoming cultural differences, when dealing with local customers and integrating into the local market. In summary, a greenfield investment is the most efficient market entry mode for a German consulting firm entering the Japanese market, assuming high efforts to adapt to local clients’ needs.