Abstract (eng)
Empathy is a concept that is plagued by heterogeneous research methodology and definitions. For example, there is evidence for a distinction between affective empathy (AE) and cognitive empathy (CE) or theory of mind (ToM). Some studies further differentiate between affective and cognitive ToM. While most studies report some kind of impairment in AE or CE, research on CE most consistently found impairments in patients with schizophrenia or individuals with schizotypy. There is also evidence in the literature for an association between CE ability and aggressive tendencies in schizophrenia patients. This thesis assessed group differences in CE between individuals with low and high levels of schizotypy and investigated a possible association of type of schizotypy traits and faulty ToM reasoning. Furthermore, evidence for a dissociation between self-report and naturalistic measures was examined. In this sample (N = 97), individuals with high levels of schizotypy differed from low schizotypy individuals only in their affective ToM ability and results suggest that MET’s CE scale may only measure affective ToM. A dissociation between self-reported empathic abilities and actual ability could also be confirmed. Unfortunately, the association between aggressive tendencies and ToM ability could not be assessed. This thesis highlights the need for a more uniformed methodological approach in empathy research, while maintaining a differentiated view of empathy components and reveals some pitfalls in certain study designs.