Abstract (eng)
In the early 1880s the previously unknown anarchist ideology and some of its ideas took first roots among the more radical and revolutionary parts of the organized working class of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. While the popularity of anarchist ideals and ideas was growing, some radicalized anarchists committed a series of crimes, which prompted the government to proclaim a state of emergency in some parts of the country. The crimes stopped the rising popularity of anarchism among the working class population and the government used the state of emergency as a pretext to persecute, oppress and exile not only anarchists but also socialists in general.
The intention of this master thesis was on the one hand to examine the first emergence of anarchism in the German speaking part of the Monarchy and to uncover the reasons for its popularity spike in those years. In order to achieve this, research on the history of the Austrian working class and its living conditions, as well as research on anarchism was done and put into corresponding chapters. The findings where that a combination of short and long term social and economic factors, as well as a score of domestic and external political circumstances created a favorable climate for the acceptance of new and revolutionary ideas and beliefs, even when they were as radical and new as the ones of anarchism. The second big aim was to look into the media coverage concerning the anarchist crimes and the state of emergency and how anarchism was depicted in the newspapers. Therefore the method of content analysis was used as a research method and the coverage of 3 newspapers (“Neue Freie Presse” (liberal), “Wahrheit” (social democratic) and “Das Vaterland” (conservative/catholic)) was examined. While some of the findings were expectable others were surprising. The coverage on anarchism was overwhelmingly negative, although there were different nuances and shades concerning the negative portrayals. Many of the “classic” negative connotations which are still found today about anarchism (e.g. chaos, disorder, violence, protest) were already existent in these articles, written over 130 years ago. However, the negative attitude towards anarchism was not reflected in the headlines and other formal aspects of the articles (positioning, length of text etc.) and the crimes were not used to disparage the working class movement as a whole. It is even possible that the mentioned negative connotations were molded in this period and became a frame of reference for anarchism, at least in Austria.