Abstract (eng)
The present thesis combines 5 peer reviewed articles and one submitted article, published in the course of a project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (P 22109-B17). The project focused on palaeozoologic, lithologic, cyclo- and magnetostratigraphic investigations of Upper Triassic (Carnian) sediments deposited within the Taurus Platform-Units of south-western Turkey. The main aim of this thesis was to trace the genesis and history of the 234 million-years-old Kasimlarceltites ammonoid mass occurrence, which is a marker-zone (Kasimlarceltites acme zone) represented by several limestone-layers within the Carnian Kasımlar Formation, developed during the early drowning phase of a shallow water platform. The acme zone shows an extension of at least least 5 km2 in the surroundings of Aşağiyaylabel and represents an important archive for a Late Triassic ecosystem.
The Aşağiyaylabel sequence within the Taurus Mountains of Turkey constitutes an Upper Triassic key section concerning environmental changes during late Early- to early Late Carnian time. One main finding within this section, which represents a deepening sequence from platform carbonates over pelagic- and marly limestones into shales, was the occurrence of the Julian / Tuvalian substage boundary (= Lower- / Upper Carnian boundary) within the Kasımlar Formation. A further important result, based on sedimentological and palaeontological analyses, is a much later onset of the so called Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE), which has previously been associated with dramatic climate changes throughout the Tethys region. Although the sediments of the Aşağiyaylabel sequence were deposited during the time when the CPE took place, they represent an unexpected, pure carbonate depositional system (chapter II). The onset of the CPE within the western Tethys occurred about 2 million years earlier (= one ammonoid zone) what hints to a diachrony of this event throughout the Tethys, which may occurred earlier at higher palaeolatitudes and later in equatorial areas.
The detected Julian / Tuvalian boundary strata are recognisable by a positive shift in MS- and radiometry values and are traceable along an area of at least 5 km2. The MS- and radiometry-data at Aşağiyaylabel are the first data from Lower- to Upper Carnian sediments and reliably reflect lithological changes (chapter III). They display an amplified terrigenous input into the marine sediment system, triggered by climatic changes. The boundary from the Kartoz- to the Kasımlar Formation, which represents a change from shallow-water to deeper-water carbonates, shows another, smaller positive shift in the MS-data.
The Aşağiyaylabel sequence is of high taxonomic and biostratigraphic value, as the possibility for investigating a continuous Lower- to Upper Carnian ammonoid record is quite rare. This substantiates the significance of Upper Triassic faunas within the Taurus Mountains and facilitates the correlation with faunal assemblages from other regions in the Tethyan Realm (chapter IV). Concerning biostratigraphic investigations, the sediments of the studied Kasımlar Formation are interpreted as Julian 2 to Tuvalian 1, what represents a detailed proof of the Julian / Tuvalian boundary in this section. Among the stratigraphic significance of those ammonoid faunas, which were deposited during the CPE, some so far unknown Lower Carnian (Julian 2) ammonoid species respectively one new genus from the Kasımlar Formation were described. The newly described genus and species Kasimlarceltites krystyni gen. et sp. nov. represents the main faunal element and is found abundantly (Kasimlarceltites mass occurrence). Additional new forms within the Lower Carnian Carbonate member (Units A–B) of the Kasımlar Formation, are Klipsteinia disciformis sp. nov. and Anasirenites crassicrenulatus sp. nov.
A novel three-dimensional reconstruction method, which combines classical orientation analysis with modern 3D-visualisation techniques, was developed for investigating the spatial shell orientation of the Kasimlarceltites mass occurrence (chapter V). Dip, dip-direction, and aperture direction of the longitudinal axis of the ammonoids and gastropods as well as dip and azimuth of an imaginary sagittal-plane through each ammonoid were used to determine a statistical NNW/SSE shell orientation from more than 3,000 segmented ammonoids and 200 segmented gastropods. Upon these numbers an estimation of nearly 775 million ammonoids and 50 million gastropods was extrapolated from the segmented and counted individuals for an extension of at least 5 km2 of the investigated Kasimlarceltites limestone bed.
Within chapter VI the newly described method was interpreted in combination with taphonomical and sedimentological results, investigated from samples of additional sections where the Kasimlarceltites acme zone was represented (Aşağiyaylabel: AS IV, Karapinar: KA I, II & IV). Furthermore, 2-dimensional orientation measurements from the same localities were constituted within chapter VII. Both methods, 3D- as well as 2D-analyses, show similar results and enable the reconstruction of the history of the mass occurrence and the interpretation of its underlying transport mechanisms. The taphonomic comparisons point to a two-phased genetic history of this mass occurrence which may have started with the formation of the deposit due to episodic anoxic conditions and/or tectonically induced methane degassing. As no traces of bioerosion or encrustation were found and furthermore a significant alignment of the ammonoids was tested, a basinward transport in a diluted
sediment, most probably triggered by debris flows, turbidity currents or gravity flows, is assumed. This transport finally led to the secondary deposition as concentration-Lagerstätte sensu Seilacher. The ammonoid shells therefore reflect an allochthonous community, formed by biogenic and sedimentological concentration mechanisms.
Finally, the present thesis contributes to the understanding of the environmental conditions during the Carnian Pluvial Episode within the Tethyan realm. Different classical methods were used in combination with modern as well as with newly established methods. Results were interpreted within a comprehensive context, for contributing to a more detailed insight into the environmental conditions which occurred during the Early to Late Carnian time.