Abstract (eng)
Background: The ability to sustain attention over long time periods like while driving a car on the highway or controlling air traffic is called vigilance. According to previous findings, two systems in the brain support attentional control: a bilateral dorsal and a right lateralized ventral frontoparietal attentional system. The dorsal system gets activated during top-down (voluntary) attention, hence, if a person focuses and searches the environment for relevant stimuli, based on internal goals or expectations. The ventral system is mediated by bottom-up sensory-guided pull of attention, according to behaviorally relevant stimuli that appear outside of the focus of attention. During visual search, the activation of the dorsal system goes in line with a suppression of the ventral system and visual areas. Shifts of attention, such as reorienting towards suddenly appearing behaviorally stimuli, are mediated by both attentional systems. It has been proposed that sustained and transient neural activity refer to different neuronal processing pathways of the brain. Task-related, sustained activity is associated with the general attentional state. Item-related, transient activity refers to moment-to-moment processing of single stimuli. Methods: To investigate the role of the dorsal and the ventral frontopariteal attention systems in vigilance, 23 subjects performed a vigilance task with two difficulty levels while their brain activity was scanned using fMRI. A mixed design was used to enable separate estimation of sustained and transient activity of brain regions involved in task performance and processing task difficulty at different points in time. Results: The results indicated of both attentional systems during the task in both hard and easy version. Only the Temporparietal Junction, a core region of the ventral system, showed no sustained activation. Furthermore both attentional systems governed control of transient activity. Due to limitations it was, however, not possible to reach any firm conclusions as to whether transient responses in the attentional systems were influenced by the difficulty of the task. A lateralization to the right hemisphere was found in regions of the ventral attention systems in all conditions showing sustained and transient responses. Overall, the results should be interpreted with due caution. Nevertheless, they indicate that both attentional systems work in concert to sustain the attention during task performance and react transiently to single stimuli in the vigilance task.