Abstract (eng)
The Hollywood courtroom drama is one of the oldest and most durable genres in film history, and also one that is mostly being overlooked by film scholars. As every other film genre, the courtroom drama in its many iterations (legal thriller, courtroomwhodunit, etc.) also had its highs and lows, with periods of high visibility and at some points in time almost no visibility at all. In the 1990ies, the period that I am dealing with in this dissertation, this genre showed a hyper production and enjoyed popularity that was unprecedented, maybe only rivaled by the films of the late 1950ies and early 1960ies like 12 Angry Men or To Kill A Mockingbird. The courtroom dramas of the 1990ies like A Time to Kill, Philadelphia, Ghosts of Mississippi or Erin Brockovich, reflected the so called "zeitgeist", which, in the wake of the new democratic Clinton administration in the US, was informed by emerging political correctness and a new awareness regarding the problems of race, gender and environment in the mainstream discourse. These films took their cues from reality and in some cases tried to respond as quickly as possible to certain events, in order to profit from the current interest of the movie going audiences. These were especially fascinated by the racially dividing murder trial of the football player and celebrity O. J. Simpson, an event that even after more than twenty years still is a staple of pop cultural references. At that time, in 1994/95, it was already hailed as the "trial of the century" and watched on TV by millions. This increased interest in trials and lawyers in the 1990ies was also fueled by the success of such bestselling authors like John Grisham (The Firm, A Time to Kill) and Scott Turow (Presumed Innocent). The Hollywood industry profited from their popularity and vice versa.
My goal is to analyze the films of this era regarding aesthetics, politics and dramaturgy and their intertwining. Since the courtroom dramas of the 1990ies were aware of political and social issues of their time and also tried to be progressive in approaching them, the crucial question that emerges here is: are these films, as products of Hollywood, and also as a part of what Adorno/Horkheimer called "cultural industry", really as progressive as they seemed to be? With Slavoj Žižeks notion of ideology and the way it is at work today, and also Jacques Lacan's reading of Sigmund Freud's dream analysis in his The Interpretation of Dreams, I am proposing that the liberal (but not only) Hollywood mainstream film, which heavily relies on realism, isn't necessarily an escape into a delusional "dreamworld", but, paradoxically, an escape into reality itself, and as such, highly ideological. What happens is in fact the prolonging of the neoliberal/liberal-democratic status quo that disguises itself as a critique of an unjust society and in fact serves to keep conservative values (of traditional family, capitalist system, etc.) alive. These films are thus even more problematic than the "classic" conservative films (e.g. films by Clint Eastwood), since their conservatism isn't obvious at a first glance. Although their attempts on themes, that are without a doubt problems of our time, is in itself not without merit, the specific way they deal with their subjects and the way they embed them in conservative ideology is highly problematic. As the filmmakers and studios presume, these notions are shared by most people and should make the audiences watch these films and thereby guarantee profit, which is the first, foremost and often the only reason some of these films exist.