Abstract (eng)
From the study of Hugo von Hofmannsthal's "Electra" the question arose about the origin of the pathologization of female revenge in their dramatic realization on the stage of the spoken theater. The classification of revenge, which is differentiated according to sex, results from the fact that women in the legal history required a male representative up to the 18th century and were not recognized as legal persons. Any form of punishment of an infringement of the individual right by the woman concerned is therefore regarded as a breach of the gender norm or the violation of her own gender-defined competencies. The general rhetoric, which belongs to the basis of social order for the limitation of cross-generational feuds between individual family associations, is, in principle, defined as gender-neutral, but requires a masculine exception from the concept of "honor"; the revenge of a violation of honor in the form of self-justice is a male privilege. Thus, for example, in the ancient Greek myth, male revenge has already been brought closer to the legal concept in the sense of social legitimation, where female revenge is taken into the dramas as a symbol of a retribution principle from pre-state or "pre-civilized" time.
On the basis of the Atriden myth and its dramatizations, an interesting development of female avengers can be observed: while Aischylos still clearly adheres to the separation of "male / authorized" and "female / unauthorized" defined action, female revenge becomes both with Euripides and Sophocles increasingly the individual psychological level. Thus the step into the psychologization of the avengers is done, and the origin of feminine regression is already established in the ancient world in a pathogenic psychical change, caused by a trauma. Significant pathological behavior is defined above all by the abandonment of female gender conception and the appropriation of male competences, as well as the tension between the gender-specific limitation of action and the revenge intention.
In Seneca's "Agamemnon" these features are extended by the dimension of the explicitly pathogenic symptoms of "hysteria" - in the ancient sense of the disease
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picture; visions, nightmares and faint intensify the mysterious character of female revenge, and the pathological manifestation also has a mystical dimension. Seneca's "furious" avengers could now also link to the Elizabethan drama, whose female figures, interestingly also one of the most famous male avengers of drama history - Shakespeare's "Hamlet" - are strikingly similar to the ancient character concepts. However, since no scientifically verifiable link between antiquity and Shakespeare's dramas can be established, especially since the scientifically proven school education of Shakespeare excludes a knowledge of the ancient dramas, an alternative hypothesis is needed for the influence of ancient concepts on Shakespeare's characters. Maybe Shakespeare got in contact with classical characters via the work of Marlowe, Kyd, and Pickering, whose figures were demonstrably based on ancient models, and which were assimilated into Shakespeare's characters. The agreement between the conflict of interests and the nature of the ambiguous character of the Danish prince and that of the ancient Electra figures was distinguished by reception history also by Hofmannsthal's own statements. The fanatical adoration of his father, his self-imposed limitation of action, a narcissistic cold-bloodedness towards his fellow persons, as well as his manipulative abilities, which Hamlet, in addition to an identical initial situation, has in common with the ancient figure of Elektra. Similar "symptoms" were described by Freud / Breuer for the definition of "hysteria" as an explicit female disease of psyche, and later, expanded by the component of suppressed female sexuality by Hofmannsthal, and finally became famous by the female figures of his "Electra" on German stages. The transferability of Hofmannsthal's figures to the theater of the 21st century remains a major challenge to the director. Dealing with the pathos of language and the voyeurism of the Hofmannsthalian perspective on different forms of female sexuality, proves to be the criterion of any contemporary staging of the one-act on stage.